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Broken Hill Proprietary Company
The Broken Hill Proprietary Company or BHP was incorporated in 1885, operating the silver and lead mine at Broken Hill in western New South Wales.[3] In 1915, the company ventured into steel manufacturing, with its operations based primarily in Newcastle, New South Wales. The company's corporate offices are located in Melbourne, Victoria.[4] It is also known by the nickname "the Big Australian".[5]

The company began petroleum exploration in the 1960s with discoveries in Bass Strait, an activity which became an increasing focus.[6]

BHP began to diversify offshore in a variety of projects. One project was the Ok Tedi copper mine in Papua New Guinea, where the company was successfully sued by the indigenous inhabitants because of the environmental degradation caused by the mine operations.[7] BHP had better success with the giant Escondida copper mine in Chile (57.5% owned) and the Ekati Diamond Mine in northern Canada.[8]

The inefficiencies of what was, by global standards, a small steel operation in Newcastle finally caught up with the company and the Newcastle operations were closed in 1999.[9] The 'long products' side of the steel business was spun off to form OneSteel in 2000.[10]

In 2001, BHP merged with the Billiton mining company to form BHP Billiton, the largest mining company in the world. In 2002, the 'flat products' steel business was spun off to form BHP Steel. In 2003, BHP Steel changed its name to BlueScope Steel.[4]

Billiton
Billiton was a mining company whose origins stretch back to 29 September 1860, when the articles of association were approved by a meeting of shareholders in the Groot Keizerhof hotel in The Hague, Netherlands.[11]

Two months later, the company acquired the mineral rights to tin-rich islands of Banka (Bangka) and Billiton (Belitung) in the Indonesian archipelago, off the eastern coast of Sumatra.[11]

Billiton's initial business forays included tin and lead smelting in The Netherlands, followed in the 1940s by bauxite mining in Indonesia and Suriname. In 1970, Royal Dutch/Shell acquired Billiton and accelerated the scope of progress of this growth.[11] The tin and lead smelter in Arnhem, Netherlands was shut down in the 1980s.

In 1994 Gencor acquired the mining division of Billiton excluding the downstream metal division.[12] Billiton was divested from Gencor in 1997.[13] In 1997, Billiton Plc became a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.[11]

Former Billiton corporate logo.Throughout the 1990s and beyond, Billiton Plc experienced considerable growth. Its portfolio included aluminium smelters in South Africa and Mozambique, nickel operations in Australia and Colombia, base metals mines in South America, Canada and South Africa, coal mines in Australia, Colombia and South Africa, as well as interests in operations in Brazil, Suriname, Australia (aluminium) and South Africa (titanium minerals and steel and ferroalloys).

In 2001 Billiton Plc merged with the Broken Hill Proprietary Company (BHP) to form BHP Billiton.[2]

BHP Billiton Mergers and Acquisitions
In March 2005, Billiton announced a US$7.3 billion agreed bid for another mining company WMC Resources, owners of the Olympic Dam uranium mine in South Australia, nickel operations in Western Australia and Queensland, and a fertiliser plant also in Queensland. The takeover achieved 90% acceptance on 17 June 2005, and 100% ownership was announced on 2 August 2005, achieved through compulsory acquisition of the last 10% of the shares.[14]

On 8 November 2007, BHP Billiton announced it was seeking to purchase rival mining group Rio Tinto Group in an all-share deal. The initial offer of 3.34 shares of BHP Billiton stock for each share of Rio Tinto was rejected by the board of Rio Tinto for "significantly undervaluing" the company. It was unknown at the time if BHP Billiton would attempt to purchase Rio Tinto through some form of hostile takeover[15]; however, CEO Marius Kloppers met with many of Rio's shareholders since the announcement and reiterated that the offer for Rio was "compelling" and that BHP Billiton is very "patient." [16] A formal hostile bid of 3.4 BHP Billiton shares for each Rio Tinto share was announced on 6 February 2008. [17] The bid was withdrawn on 25 November 2008 due to a global recession. [18]

On 14 May 2008, BHP Billiton shares rose to a record high of AU $48.90 after speculation that Chinese mining firm Chinalco was considering purchasing a large stake. BHP representatives refused to comment.[19]

On 25 November 2008. Billiton announced that it would drop its $66 billion takeover of rival Rio Tinto Group saying that the "risks to shareholder value" would "increase" to "an unacceptable level" due to the global financial crisis.[20]

Recent history
On 21 January 2009 the company announced a response to the global financial crisis; BHP Billiton plans to close the Ravensthorpe mine and revert to processing ore only at the Yabulu nickel plant in Queensland Australia. Additionally the Pinto Valley mine in the United States was also closed. In total 6,000 employees were laid off, including those laid off with the scaling back at some other projects.[21]

Operations
The company operates a wide variety of mining and processing operations in 25 countries, employing approximately 38,000 people.

The company has nine primary operational units:

Iron ore
Manganese
Petroleum
Aluminium
Base Metals (primary products include copper, lead, zinc and uranium)
Metallurgical Coal
Thermal Coal
Stainless Steel Materials (nickel and cobalt)
Diamonds & Speciality Products (diamonds and titanium minerals)

Corporate structure
The Australian BHP Billiton Limited and the British BHP Billiton Plc list separately with separate shareholder bodies but they operate as one business with identical boards of directors and a single management structure. The headquarters are in Melbourne, Australia. The company has other key offices in London, Perth, Johannesburg, Santiago, Singapore, Shanghai, Houston and The Hague.

The company's shares trade on the following exchanges:[22]

BHP Billiton Limited
Australia (ASX: BHP)
Germany (Frankfurt)
Switzerland (Zurich)
US (NYSE: BHP)
BHP Billiton plc
UK (LSE: BLT)
South Africa (JSE: BIL)
US (NYSE: BBL)

Management
After the merger between BHP and Billiton in 2001, Brian Gilbertson of Billiton was appointed CEO. In 2003, after just six months at the helm, he abruptly stepped down, citing irreconcilable differences with the boards.[23]

Upon Gilbertson's resignation, Chip Goodyear was announced as the new CEO. He continued in that role until his retirement on 30 September 2007. Marius Kloppers is his immediate successor CEO.[24]

Inclement weather caused a BHP Billiton helicopter to crash in Angola on 16 November 2007, killing the helicopter's five passengers, including BHP's chief operation officer in Angola, David Hopgood. The helicopter went down about 80 km/50 miles from Alto Cuilo Camp, a diamond mining site the employees wanted to visit. BHP Billiton responded by suspending operations in the country. The company is investigating the incident.

Mines and processing facilities
Algeria
Ohanet gas field
ROD gas field
Angola
Diamond exploration
Australia
Appin, New South Wales
Bass Strait, Victoria, 50% owned
Blackwater, Queensland
Broadmeadow, Queensland
Cannington, Queensland
Dendrobium, New South Wales
Elouera, New South Wales
Goonyella/Riverside, Queensland
Gregory/Crinum, Queensland
Griffin, Western Australia, 45% owned
Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory
Hunter Valley, New South Wales
Jimblebar , Western Australia
Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
Kambalda, Western Australia
Kwinana, Western Australia
Leinster, Western Australia
Minerva offshore, Victoria, 90% owned
Mining Area C , Western Australia
Mount Keith, Western Australia
Mount Whaleback, Western Australia
North West Shelf Venture, Western Australia, 16.67% LNG phase, 8.33% domestic gas phase
Norwich Park, Queensland
Olympic Dam, South Australia
Ore Body 18 , Western Australia
Ore Body 23/25 , Western Australia
Peak Downs, Queensland
Port Hedland, Western Australia
Ravensthorpe, Western Australia
Saraji, Queensland
George Town, Tasmania
West Cliff, New South Wales
Worsley, Western Australia
Yabulu, Queensland, nickel refinery
Yandi, Western Australia
Yarrie , Western Australia
Brazil
Alumar aluminum smelter/refinery - Sao Luis
Samarco iron ore mine and pelletizing plant - Belo Horizonte
Canada
Ekati Diamond Mine
Potash Development, Saskatchewan
Chile
Escondida
Cerro Colorado
Spence
Colombia
Cerrejón, 33.3% owned coal mine in Guajira department
Cerro Matoso, ferronickel mine in Córdoba department
Guinea
Sangaredi 33.3% interest in bauxite mine and alumina refinery (currently in feasibility study)
Indonesia
Wetar gold mine
Iraq
Halfaya oil field
Mozambique
Mozal, aluminum smelter
New Zealand
Glenbrook, steel mill
Pakistan
Zamzama gas field
Papua New Guinea
(until 2002) Ok Tedi Mine, copper, cause of a large-scale ecological disaster down the Ok Tedi and Fly rivers.
The United Nations Environment Programme has noted that BHP’s Ok Tedi mine site’s "uncontrolled discharge of 70 million tonnes of waste rock and mine tailings annually has spread more than 1 000 km (621 miles) down the Ok Tedi and Fly rivers, raising river beds and causing flooding, sediment deposition, forest damage, and a serious decline in the area's biodiversity."[26] The resulting devastation caused by the mining of Ok Tedi has included the loss of fish, a vital food source for the local community; loss of forest and crops due to flooding and; the loss of "areas of deep spiritual value for villagers are now submerged in mine tailings."[27]
Peru
Antamina
South Africa
Bayside, 100% owned aluminium smelter in Richards Bay
Hillside, 100% owned aluminium smelter in Richards Bay
Ingwe Coal, comprises several coal mines in the Witbank area in Mpumalanga
Manganese Metal Company, largest electrolytic manganese production facility in the world situated in Nelspruit, Mpumalanga
Metalloys manganese production facility in Meyerton area in Gauteng
HMM (Hotazel Manganese Mines) including Mamatwan and Wessels mines near Hotazel in the Northern Cape
Suriname
Kaaimangrassie bauxite mine
Coermotibo bauxite mine
Caramacca bauxite mine
Klaverblad bauxite mine
Trinidad & Tobago
Angostura oil & gas field
United Kingdom
Liverpool Bay oil & gas field
USA
New Mexico Coal Company, coal mine in New Mexico consisting of San Juan and Navajo mine
Southwest Copper, Arizona
San Manuel, Arizona
Pinto Valley, Arizona
Gulf of Mexico, Oil and Gas field (Shenzi & Neptune fields)
Resolution Copper, near Superior, Arizona

三大铁矿石巨头：必和必拓、淡水河谷、力拓。

　　必和必拓由两家巨型矿业公司合并而成，现在已经是全球最大的采矿业公司。其中，BHP公司成立于1885年，总部设在墨尔本，是澳大利亚历史最悠久、规模最庞大的公司之一。比利登是国际采矿业的先驱，曾经以不断创新和集约式运营方式而闻名。2001年，两家公司合并组成BHP BILLITON矿业集团，BHP持股58%，比利登持股42%。

　　必和必拓在全球20个国家开展业务，合作伙伴超过90个，员工约3.5万人，遍及世界各地，主要产品有铁矿石、煤、铜、铝、镍、石油，液化天然气、镁、钻石等。在2003至2004财年度，该公司实现净收入340.87亿澳元，名列澳大利亚十大企业名单之首。2004年8月26日，该公司宣布其市值达583亿美元。必和必拓在澳大利亚、伦敦和纽约的股票交易所上市。

　　必和必拓是世界上最大的综合资源公司。公司的与众不同之处在于优质的资产、为数众多的发展项目、以客户为中心的市场营销策略、全球化经营模式、多样化产品和市场以及极具竞争力的石油产业。

　　必和必拓公司的全球总部设在墨尔本，在伦敦设有高级代表处。此外，在约翰内斯堡和休斯敦均设有商务中心，还有遍及全球的下辖办事处。

　　必和必拓公司与中国关系源源流长，早在1891年就开始向中国出口铅矿。目前，该公司在北京设有代表处，在上海等地设有工厂。在过去十年中，其在中国的勘探和开发的费用达到2千6百万美元。

　　世界最大矿业集团之一必和必拓(BHP Billiton)，最近被命名为“社区企业组织(BITC) 2005年国家杰出奖(National Awards for Excellence)”年度企业。必和必拓将商业成功建立在可持续发展和负责的经营。同时，必和必拓在全球很多业务中开展的各类“冒险”计划，这些计划已经超越了该公司的业务需求范围，涵盖了诸如健康和教育在内的领域，这家矿业公司认为自己有能力为这些事业带来改观。

必和必拓全球业务发展战略
　　全球领先的公司

　　作为一家世界领先的自然资源，相关产品和服务的供应商，必和必拓公司的目标是为股东赢得高额回报。为之，本公司的战略宏图设定七项关键价值要素：

1、稳定来自优良资产
2、稳定来自资产优化组合
3、稳定和增长来自以客户为中心的市场营销
4、增长来自众多的项目开发
5、增长来自石油
6、增长来自革新
7、激发员工的最大潜能
　　必和必拓采取由市场客户为导向的商业运行模式，建立了"客户行业分管部门"。这一结构使人们能关注客户需求。这些客户行业分管部门得到设于海牙和新加坡的市场营销"中枢"的支持。

　　石油

必和必拓是著名的石油天然气勘探和生产商，其主要生产基地位于澳大利亚、英国、墨西哥湾（美国）、阿尔及利亚和巴基斯坦。必和必拓公司高质量、高利润的资产具有强大的增长潜力，并能提供丰厚的资本回报。石油和天然气业务为必和必拓提供了产品多样性，并使其在这一具有强大发展动力的行业占有一席之地。

　　铝

　　必和必拓活跃在原铝产业链中的每一个环节：铝矾土开采、氧化铝精炼和金属铝冶炼。必和必拓公司是世界上氧化铝和金属铝的主要供应商，主要资产位于澳大利亚、巴西、莫桑比克、南非和苏里南。

　　基本金属

　　必和必拓是世界前三大铜生产商和世界前五大银、铅、锌生产商之一。必和必拓公司向欧洲、亚洲和南美洲治炼厂提供高质量的金属精矿，并向黄铜和铜线生产商提供高质量的阴极铜板。拥有大规模、低成本的优良资产，极具发展潜力。

　　碳钢材料

　　必和必拓向全球钢铁制造业提供主要原材料（铁矿、炼焦煤和锰矿）和服务。必和必拓公司是世界第一大炼焦煤和锰矿海运供应商，世界第三大铁矿供应商。集团拥有众多开采年

　　钻石和特殊产品

　　必和必拓生产钻石、钛矿、金红厂和锆石。必和必拓公司的Ekati钻石矿是世界最大的高质量钻石生产商。钻石和特殊产品部还拥有北美金属分销业务以及矿产勘探和技术资产。

　　动力煤

　　必和必拓是世界最大的燃烧生产商和出口经销商之一。必和必拓公司向电力行业的客户提供高竞争力的动力解决方案。业务结构包括世界先进的资产组合，具有独特的多资源生产能力，可为欧洲、亚洲和美国这些主要电力市场提供服务。大规模、低成本的矿山生产、良好的基础设施以及全球物流配送能力进一步增强了必和必拓公司的竞争力，为未来发展提供了平台。

　　必和必拓是西方国家中第四大镍生产商和第二大铬铁合金生产商。必和必拓公司向不锈钢行业-必和必拓公司的主要客户，提供镍和铬铁合金。集团同样向特种合金、化工、耐火材料行业提供镍、铬铁合金、铬矿和钴。

　　必和必拓经营模式的中心原则是提供优质多样的资产组合，以确保比传统资源循环更平稳的现金流转和更高的生产能力来驱动增长。2004年，公司的营业额达 249亿美元，息税前收益（EBIT）55亿美元，息税后可营运现金额52亿美元。截至2004年8月26日，公司的市值资本已达583亿美元。

必和必拓与中国
　　BHP与中国的关系始于1888年，源于当时公司一位董事的来访。据记载，双方首笔业务交易发生于1891年，当时BHP向中国福州出口铅。双方的贸易一直持续到20世纪初，但随着BHP银、铅和锌资源的日益匮乏，公司继而转向钢铁业务，双方贸易也逐渐减少。

　　20世纪60年代，随着澳大利亚钢铁半成品的出口，贸易量又开始有所增加。70年代，BHP开始向中国出口铁矿石，并继续出售钢材。在此期间，公司同时从中国进口氟石、煅烧矾土和燧土。

　　1979年，BHP是签署《生产分配合约》以开发中国南海石油的首批国外联盟成员之一。为支持这一行动，BHP于1983年在广州成立了BHP石油办事处。

　　BHP公司北京办事处于1984年设立。

　　1985年，BHP开始研究在中国合资探矿的机会。1993年，成立了中国首家中外合资采矿企业--康滇合资公司，在四川省进行铅和锌的勘探。

　　BHP的某些服务性公司同样在中国开展业务活动。BHP工程公司对1989年成立的福建省顺昌水泥厂进行了设计，并对其建造和试运转提出建议。作为其合约的一部分，BHP工程公司在澳大利亚对40名中国工程师和操作专家进行了培训。1992-93年间，BHP运输部在江苏省为客户监管了8艘自卸载驳船的设计、建造和交接。

　　1994年，BHP在中国进行了首次制造业投资，当时该公司获得了在上海和广州开展彩涂板加工成形业务的许可。这两家工厂均于1995年投产。2001年BHP和比利顿公司合并后，这两家工厂仍由必和必拓运营，直至2002年BHP钢铁公司从必和必拓分离出去。

　　至1997年为止，BHP向中国出售的产品包括铁矿石、铜精矿、锰矿石、煤、石油和钢铁产品。1997年下半年在上海成立了矿产市场办事处，同时在北京的中国总部扩大至约50名员工。

　　20世纪90年代，BHP涉足在中国的几个省份开采基本金属业务，最终成立了5家合资开采公司。

　　必和必拓目前是中国最大的矿产品供应商之一。如今中国是必和必拓铁矿石和氧化铝的重要市场，占我们约20%的氧化铝销售,约40%的铁矿石销售。其它一些重要的产品还包括铜、镍、铬、炼焦煤和锰。

　　2005年财年(2004年7月至2005年6月)，必和必拓向中国市场销售的产品总额为40亿美元，同比增长64%,占公司全球息税前利润（EBIT）的13%。

　　2004年3月，必和必拓宣布其与中国的四家优秀钢铁厂成立威拉拉（Wheelarra）合资公司的意向。该合资公司可保证每年向这些工厂销售约 1,200万吨的铁矿石。它将成为迄今为止必和必拓与中国钢铁厂签定的最大的商业合约，在今后25年里其铁矿石销售总额将达到90亿美元。该合资公司协议已获得中央政府的批准。

　　目前必和必拓在中国的员工数约为75人，其中大部分是位于上海的中国总部的员工。这些员工中约90%为中国公民。

　　必和必拓是西北大陆架合资公司的参与者，该公司已签署广东液化天然气终端和天然气管道项目一期液化天然气供应的《销售采购协议》。2003年5月，必和必拓及其余西北大陆架合资公司的参与者签署了一份《权益合约》，以中国国家海洋石油总公司（CNOOC）为实体，并由CNOOC参与西北大陆架项目投资。CNOOC将购买西北大陆架项目下正在建立的一个新合资公司25%的权益，以向广东液化天然气项目输送液化天然气。

　　必和必拓近期已签署了一份《生产分配合约》，以在中国西北部勘探和开发煤层气资源。除此之外，在多个领域的市场开发方面积极探索新的业务机会。