Chromite发表评论(0)编辑词条

Chromite is iron magnesium chromium oxide: (Fe, Mg)Cr2O4. It is an oxgide

Chromite

mineral belonging to the spinel group. Magnesium can substitute for iron in variable amounts; also, aluminium and ferric iron commonly substitute for chromium.
Occurence
Chromite is found in peridotite from the Earth's mantle. It also occurs in layered ultramafic intrusive rocks. In addition, it is found in metamorphic rocks such as some serpentinites. Ore deposits of chromite form as early magmatic differentiates. It is commonly associated with olivine, magnetite, serpentine, and corundum. The vast Bushveld igneous complex of South Africa is a large layered mafic to ultramafic igneous body with some layers consisting of 90% chromite making the rare rock type, chromitite.
Uses
Chromite is also used as a refractory material, because it has a high heat stability.
The only ore of chromium is the mineral chromite. The two main products of Chromite refining are ferrochromium and metallic chromium, for those products the ore smelter process differs considerably. For the production of ferrochromium the chromite ore (FeCr2O4) is reduced with either aluminium or silicon in a aluminothermic reaction and for the production of pure chromium the iron has to be separated from the chromium in a two step roasting and leaching process。
Mining
In 2002 14,600,000 metric tons of chromite have been mined. The largest producers have been South Africa (44%) India (18%), Kazakhstan (16%) Zimbabwe (5%), Finland (4%) Iran (4%) and Brazil (2%) with several other countries producing the rest of less than 10% of the world production.
Minor production
In Pakistan, Chromite is mined from the ultramafic rocks in mainly the Muslim Bagh area of Zhob District of Balochistan. Most of the chromite is of metallurgical grade with Cr2O3 averaging 40% and a chrome to iron ratio of 2.6:1. Afghanistan has significant deposits of high grade Chromite ore.
Recently, the biggest user of Chromite ore has been China, importing large quantities from South Africa, Pakistan and other countries. The concentrate is used to make ferrochromium, which is in turn used to make Steel.

在冶金工业上，铬铁矿主要用来生产铬铁合金和金属铬。铬铁合金作为钢的添加料生产多种高强度、抗腐蚀、耐磨、耐高温、耐氧化的特种钢，如不锈钢、耐酸钢、耐热钢、滚珠轴承钢、弹簧钢、工具钢等。金属铬主要用于与钴、镍、钨等元素冶炼特种合金。这些特种钢和特种合金是航空、宇航、汽车、造船，以及国防工业生产枪炮、导弹、火箭、舰艇等不可缺少的材料。
　　在耐火材料上，铬铁矿用来制造铬砖、铬镁砖和其他特殊耐火材料。
　　铬铁矿在化学工业上主要用来生产重铬酸钠，进而制取其他铬化合物，用于颜料、纺织、电镀、制革等工业，还可制作催化剂和触媒剂等。
　　铬铁矿是中国的短缺矿种，储量少，产量低，每年消费量的８０％以上依靠进口。
　　铬具有亲氧性和亲铁性，以亲氧性较强，只有在还原和硫的逸度较高的情况下才显示亲硫性。在内生作用条件下铬一般呈三价。六次酸位的Ｃｒ３＋和Ａｌ３＋Ｆｅ３＋的离子半径相接近，故它们之间可以呈广泛的类质同象。此外，可与铬类质同象代替的元素还有Mn、Mg、Ni、Co、Zn等，所以在镁铁硅酸盐矿物和副矿物中有铬的广泛分布。在表生带强烈氧化条件下（碱性介质），Ｃｒ３＋氧化成Ｃｒ６＋形式的铬酸根离子，使不活动的铬离子变成易溶的铬阴离子发生迁移。遇极化性很强的离子（如Cu、Pb等），则形成难溶的铬酸性矿物。
　　在自然界中目前已发现的含铬矿物约有５０余种，分别属于氧化物类、铬酸盐类和硅酸盐类。此外还有少数氢氧化物、碘酸盐、氮化物和硫化物。其中氮化铬和硫化铬矿物只见于陨石中。
　　具有工业价值的铬矿物都属于铬尖晶石类矿物，它们的化学通式为（Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ２＋）（Ｃｒ、Ａｌ、Ｆｅ３＋）２Ｏ４或（Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ２＋）Ｏ（Ｃｒ、Ａｌ、Ｆｅ３＋）２Ｏ３，其Ｃｒ２Ｏ３含量为１８％～６２％。
　　有工业价值的铬矿物，其Ｃｒ２Ｏ３含量一般都在３０％以上，其中常见的是：
　　１.铬铁矿
　　化学成分为（Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ）Ｃｒ２Ｏ４，介于亚铁铬铁矿（ＦｅＣｒ２Ｏ４，含ＦｅＯ３２.０９％、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３ ６７.９１）与镁铬铁矿（ＭｇＣｒ２Ｏ４，含ＭｇＯ２０.９６％、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３ ７９.０４％）之间，通常有人将亚铁铬铁矿和镁铬铁矿也都称为铬铁矿。铬铁矿为等轴晶系，晶体呈细小的八面体，通常呈粒状和致密块状集合体，颜色黑色，条痕褐色，半金属光泽，硬度５.５，比重４.２～４.８，具弱磁性。铬铁矿是岩浆成因矿物，产于超基性岩中，当含矿岩石遭受风化破坏后，铬铁矿常转入砂矿中。铬铁矿是炼铬的最主要的矿物原料，富含铁的劣质矿石可作高级耐火材料。
　　２.富铬类晶石
　　又称铬铁尖晶石或铝铬铁矿。化学成分为Ｆｅ（Ｃｒ，Ａｌ）２Ｏ４，含Ｃｒ２Ｏ３ ３２％～３８％。其形态、物理性质、成因、产状及用途与铬铁矿相同。
　　３.硬铬尖晶石
　　化学成分为（Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ）（Ｃｒ、Ａｌ）２Ｏ４，含Ｃｒ２Ｏ３ ３２％～５０％。其形态、物理性质、成因、产状及用途也与铬铁矿相同。