Ferrochrome发表评论(0)编辑词条

Ferrochrome (FeCr) is an alloy of chromium and iron containing between

Ferrochrome

 50% and 70% chromium. The ferrochrome is produced by electric arc melting of chromite, an iron magnesium chromium oxide and the most important chromium ore. Most of the world's ferrochrome is produced in South Africa, Kazakhstan and India, which have large domestic chromite resources. Increasing amounts coming from Russia and China. The production of steel is the largest consumer of ferrochrome, especially the production of stainless steel with chromium content of 10 to 20% is the main application of ferrochrome.
Usage
Over 80% of the world's ferrochrome is utilised in the production of stainless steel. In 2006 28 Mt of stainless steel were produced. Stainless steel depends on chromium for its appearance and its resistance to corrosion. The average chrome content in stainless steel is approximately 18%. It is also used when it is desired to add chromium to carbon steel. FeCr from Southern Africa, known as 'charge chrome' and produced from a Cr containing ore with a low Cr content, is most commonly used in stainless steel production. Alternatively, High Carbon FeCr produced from high grade ore found in Kazakhstan (among other places) is more commonly used in specialist applications such as engineering steels where a high Cr to Fe ratio and minimum levels of other elements such as Sulfur, Phosphorus and Titanium are important and production of finished metals takes place in small electric arc furnaces compared to large scale blast furnaces.
Production
Ferrochrome production is essentially a carbothermic reduction operation taking place at high temperatures. Cr Ore (an oxide of chromium and iron) is reduced by coal and coke to form the iron-chromium alloy. The heat for this reaction can come from several forms, but typically from the electric arc formed between the tips of the electrodes in the bottom of the furnace and the furnace hearth. This arc creates temperatures of about 2800°C. In the process of smelting, huge amounts of electricity are consumed making production in countries with high power charges very costly.
Tapping of the material from the furnace takes place intermittently. When enough smelted ferrochrome has accumulated in the hearth of the furnace, the tap hole is drilled open and a stream of molten metal and slag rushes down a trough into a chill or ladle. The ferrochrome solidifies in large castings, which is crushed for sale or further processed.
Ferrochrome is often classified by the amount of carbon and chrome it contains. The vast majority of FeCr produced is charge chrome from Southern Africa. With high carbon being the second largest segment followed by the smaller sectors of low carbon and intermediate carbon material.
Pricing
Prices of ferrochrome are often quoted in terms of United States Cents (UScents) per pound (lb) of chrome contained, although producing companies will generally report production and sales in terms of metric tonnes FeCr sold. In order to calculate the value of a metric tonne of FeCr from a price quoted in UScents, the percentage of chrome within the ferrochrome must be known.

铬铁：铬和铁组成的铁合金，是炼钢的重要合金添加剂。冶炼铬铁用的铬铁矿一般要求含Cr2O340～50％，铬与铁比值大于 2.8。近年大量生产的含铬50％的“装料级铬铁”，用含Cr2O3和铬与铁比值较低的矿石。
　　铬铁按不同含碳量分为碳素铬铁(包括装料级铬铁)、中碳铬铁、低碳铬铁、微碳铬铁等。常用的还有硅铬合金、氮化铬铁等。铬铁主要用作炼钢的合金添加剂，过去都在炼钢的精炼后期加入。冶炼不锈钢等低碳钢种，必须使用低、微碳铬铁，因而精炼铬铁生产一度得到较大规模的发展。由于炼钢工艺的改进，现在用AOD法（见炉外精炼）等生产不锈钢等钢种时，用碳素铬铁（主要是装料级铬铁）装炉，因而只需在后期加低、微碳铬铁调整成分，所以现在铬铁生产重点是炼制碳素铬铁。
　　碳素铬铁用还原电炉冶炼，采用焦炭作还原剂，硅石或铝土矿作熔剂。炉渣成分一般为SiO227～33％，MgO30～34％， Al2O326～30％，Cr2O3＜9.0％。由于形成碳化铬，产品含碳4～9％。现代冶炼铬铁的还原电炉容量为10000～48000千伏安，一般采用封闭固定式，冶炼电耗3000～4000千瓦•时／吨。冶炼硅铬合金的电炉与铬铁还原电炉相似，冶炼方法有一步法和二步法两种。一步法用铬铁矿、硅石、焦炭配加熔剂冶炼。二步法采用碳素铬铁、硅石、焦炭作原料进行无渣法冶炼，冶炼过程大体与硅铁生产相仿。冶炼电耗每吨3000～4000千瓦•时左右。
　　中、低、微碳铬铁一般以硅铬合金、铬铁矿和石灰为原料，用1500～6000千伏安电炉精炼脱硅，采用高碱度炉渣操作(CaO/SiO2为1.6～1.8)。低、微碳铬铁还大规模地采用热兑法进行生产。生产时用两台电炉，一炉冶炼硅铬合金，一炉熔化由铬矿和石灰组成的熔渣。精炼反应分两个阶段在两个盛桶内进行：①熔渣炉的熔渣注入第一盛桶后，把另一盛桶中已经初步脱硅的硅铬合金兑入，由于熔渣氧化剂过剩量很大，脱硅充分，可获得含硅低于0.8％、含碳低达 0.02％的微碳铬铁。②第一盛桶内反应后的熔渣(含Cr2O3约15％)移至第二个盛桶后，把硅铬电炉炼就的硅铬合金（含硅45％）热兑入渣内，反应后得到初步脱硅的硅铬合金(含硅约25％)，兑入第一盛桶进一步脱硅，熔渣含Cr2O3低于2～3％可抛弃。
　　吹氧法精炼中、低碳铬铁，用液态碳素铬铁做原料，吹炼时向熔池中加入少量石灰、萤石造渣，出铁前加硅铬合金或硅铁以回收渣中的铬。微碳铬铁的吹炼则在一定真空度下才有可能。
　　真空固态脱碳法精炼，用磨细的高碳铬铁为原料，其中磨细的高碳铬铁的一部分经氧化焙烧作氧化剂，配加水玻璃或其他粘合剂，压成团块，经低温干燥后，在车底式真空炉内，于真空度0.5～10毫米汞柱、温度1300～1400℃下加热还原35～50小时，可得到含碳低于0.03％甚至低于0.01％的微碳铬铁。