Titanium发表评论(0)编辑词条
基本概况编辑本段回目录
一种金属元素,灰色,原子序数22,相对原子质量47.87。能在氮气中燃烧,熔点高。钝钛和以钛为主的合金是新型的结构材料,主要用于航天工业和航海工业。
从发现钛元素到制得纯品,历时一百多年。而钛真正得到利用,认识其本来的真面目,则是20世纪40年代以后的事情了。
地球表面十公里厚的地层中,含钛达千分之六,比铜多61倍,在地壳中的含量排第十位(地壳中元素排行:氧、硅、铝、铁、钙、钠、钾、镁、氢、钛)。随便从地下抓起一把泥土,其中都含有千分之几的钛,世界上储量超过一千万吨的钛矿并不稀罕。
海滩上有成亿吨的砂石,钛和锆这两种比砂石重的矿物,就混杂在砂石中,经过海水千百万年昼夜不停地淘洗,把比较重的钛铁矿和锆英砂矿冲在一起,在漫长的海岸边,形成了一片一片的钛矿层和锆矿层。这种矿层是一种黑色的砂子,通常有几厘米到几十厘米厚。
钛没有磁性,用钛建造的核潜艇不必担心磁性水雷的攻击。
1947年,人们才开始在工厂里冶炼钛。当年,产量只有2吨。1955年产量激增到2万吨。1972年,年产量达到了 20万吨。钛的硬度与钢铁差不多,而它的重量几乎只有同体积的钢铁的一半,钛虽然稍稍比铝重一点,它的硬度却比铝大2倍。现在,在宇宙火箭和导弹中,就大量用钛代替钢铁。据统计, 目前世界上每年用于宇宙航行的钛,已达一千吨以上。极细的钛粉,还是火箭的好燃料,所以钛被誉为宇宙金属,空间金属。
钛的耐热性很好,熔点高达1725℃。在常温下,钛可以安然无恙地躺在各种强酸强碱的溶液中。就连最凶猛的酸——王水,也不能腐蚀它。钛不怕海水,有人曾把一块钛沉到海底,五年以后取上来一看,上面粘了许多小动物与海底植物,却一点也没有生锈,依旧亮闪闪的。
现在,人们开始用钛来制造潜艇一——钛潜艇。由于钛非常结实,能承受很高的压力,这种潜艇可以在深达4500米的深海中航行。
物理性质编辑本段回目录
灰色金属。原子序数为22,相对原子质量47.87。核外电子在亚层中的排布情况为1S22S22P63S23P63d24S2。金属活动性在镁、铝之间,常温下并不稳定,因此在自然界中只以化合态存在,常见的钛的化合物有钛铁矿(FeTiO3)、金红石(TiO2)等。钛在地壳中含量较高,排行第九,达5600ppm,换算成百分比为0.56%。纯钛密度为4.54×103kg/m3,摩尔体积为10.54cm3/mol,硬度较差,莫氏硬度只有4左右,因此延展性好。钛的热稳定性很好,熔点为1660±10℃,沸点为3287℃。
化学性质编辑本段回目录
金属钛在高温环境中的还原能力极强,能与氧、碳、氮以及其他许多元素化合,还能从部分金属氧化物(比如氧化铝)中夺取氧。常温下钛与氧气化合生成一层极薄致密的氧化膜,这层氧化膜常温下不与绝大多数强酸、强碱反应,包括酸中之王——王水。它只与氢氟酸、热的浓盐酸、浓硫酸反应,因此钛体现了抗腐蚀性。
Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22.
TitaniumSometimes called the “space age metal”, it has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant (including to sea water, aqua regia and chlorine) transition metal with a silver color. Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, molybdenum, among other elements, to produce strong lightweight alloys for aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial process (chemicals and petro-chemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agri-food, medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental and endodontic instruments and files, dental implants, sporting goods, jewelry, mobile phones, and other applications. Titanium was discovered in England by William Gregor in 1791 and named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology.
The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere, and it is found in almost all living things, rocks, water bodies, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores via the Kroll process or the Hunter process. Its most common compound, titanium dioxide, is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) (used in smoke screens/skywriting and as a catalyst) and titanium trichloride (TiCl3) (used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene).
The two most useful properties of the metal form are corrosion resistance and the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any metal. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, but 45% lighter. There are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element; 46Ti through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8%). Titanium's properties are chemically and physically similar to zirconium.
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