Turn-key Project发表评论(0)编辑词条

A turn-key or a turn-key project is a type of project that is constructed by a developer and sold or turned over to a buyer in a ready-to-use condition.

Turn-key refers to something that is ready for immediate use, generally used in the sale or supply of goods or services. Turnkey is often used to describe a home built ready for the customer to move in. If a contractor builds a "turnkey home" they frame the structure and finish the interior. Everything is completed down to the cabinets and carpet. "Turnkey" is commonly used in the construction industry, for instance, in which it refers to the bundling of materials and labor by sub-contractors. 'Turnkey' is also commonly used in motorsports to describe a car being sold with drivetrain (engine, transmission, etc.) to contrast with a vehicle sold without one so that other components may be re-used.

Similarly, this term may be used to advertise the sale of an established business, including all the equipment necessary to run it, or by a business-to-business supplier providing complete packages for business start-up. An example would be the creation of a "turnkey hospital" which would be building a complete medical center with installed high-tech medical equipment.

In a turnkey business transaction [1] different entities are responsible for setting up a plant or a part of it. A complex project involving infrastructure facility, a chemical plant, or a refinery demands expertise which is not available with a single firm. The owner organizes the overall project with a turnkey firm and 'receives' the project on its completion and can then start to operate it. The 'agents' of the owner are: the principal engineering firm, the licensor (if any),service subcontractors (e.g. electrical contractor) and the suppliers. There may be several contracts drawn up by the principal engineering firm but they only identify the latter as the recipient of the services. The principal contract is the one that binds the owner and principal engineering firm.

A turnkey business is a business that includes everything you need to immediately start running the business.

InvestorWords.com defines a turnkey operation as "A product or service which can be implemented or utilized with no additional work required by the buyer (just by 'turning the key')".

A business that is being sold as a turnkey business would include tangibles such as inventory and equipment through intangibles such as a previously established reputation and goodwill.

The most common type of business sold as a turnkey business is a franchise. In the case of franchises, a turnkey business often includes a building that has been constructed to the franchise's specifications, and an exclusive territory.

Entrepreneurs considering buying a turnkey business should always do their due diligence and be sure they know exactly what a particular turnkey operation includes; not all turnkey businesses are created equal!

A turnkey project could involve the following elements depending on its complexity:

Project administration
licensing-in of process
design and engineering services
subcontracting
management control
procurement and expediting of equipment;
materials control
inspection of equipment prior to delivery
shipment, transportation
control of schedule and quality
pre-commissioning and completion
performance-guarantee testing
inventorying spare-parts
training of owner's/plantsub-systemoperating and maintenance personnel
Advanced Loop Schemes (primary used in the Electric Utility Industry)
A project-consultancy firm is often involved but it is required to stay independent of the turnkey engineers and be responsible only to the owner - a watchdog so to speak. The project-consultancy firm has access to all sections of the infrastructure or plant (as applicable) but cannot direct the staff involved.

The turnkey-contractor furnishes a wide variety of warranties and guarantees and accepts several liabilities. These include :

(a) warranties for the timeliness of deliveries of equipment, of erection and of completion times of civil and mechanical works;
(b) warranties for workmanship in construction annd erection of the works,according to specifications, and warranties guarantees that proper standards will be used
(c) liability for property or equipment under the control of the engineering company who contracts out the agreement to the turnkey-company
(d) proper safety standards being implemented
(e)civil and mechanical engineering warranties; in the latter case the turnkey-contractor undertakes to assure that mechanical performance will be maintained for a definite period
(f) training warranties of operating personnel in charge of specific operations, and
(g) the very important process warranties and guarantees.
Turnkey projects can also be extended, known as 'turnkey plus', where there is perhaps a small equity interest by the engineering firm or the main suppliers to ensure allegiance during the initial operational phases. Once the turnkey phase is over and the engineering firm receives the 'completion certificate', (from the owner), the latter will work independently or with the licensor (if any).

A prison turnkeyThe term turnkey is also often used in the technology industry, most commonly to describe pre-built computer "packages" in which everything needed to perform a certain type of task (e.g. audio editing) is put together by the supplier and sold as a bundle. This often includes a computer with pre-installed software, various types of hardware, and accessories. Such packages are commonly called appliances. Turnkey products are synonymous to "off-the-shelf" solutions - i.e. not bespoke.

In the United States, the precise definition of the types of allowable contractual features for government contracts are contained in the Federal Acquisition Regulations.

In real estate, turn-key is defined as delivering a location that is ready for occupation. The turn-key process includes all of the steps involved to open a location including the site selection, negotiations, space planning, construction coordination and complete installation.

Historically, the term once referred to jailers, as the holders of a prison's keys, as in Charles Dickens' 1840 novel, Barnaby Rudge.

交钥匙工程（Turn-key project）

什么是交钥匙工程　

　交钥匙工程指跨国公司为东道国建造工厂或其他工程项目，一旦设计与建造工程完成，包括设备安装、试车及初步操作顺利运转后，即将该工厂或项目所有权和管理权的“钥匙”依合同完整地“交”给对方，由对方开始经营。因而，交钥匙工程也可以看成是一种特殊形式的管理合同。
　　交钥匙工程是在发达国家的跨国公司向不够开放的发展中国家投资受阻后发展起来的一种非股权投资方式。如在实行改革开放前的社会主义国家，除了南斯拉夫、罗马尼亚等少数国家外，大多数国家不准许外来企业进行投资，因此外国企业只能依赖其他方式从事投资或经营，交钥匙工程就是其中行之有效的一种。另外，当自己拥有某种市场所需的尖端技术，在希望能快速地大面积覆盖市场，所能使用的资本等要素又不足的情况下，就可以考虑采用交钥匙工程方式。
　　在实务操作上，因为每个交钥匙工程项目计划必然有其自身特点，因此很难有一致性的标准交钥匙工程合同。但是，无论合同的细节如何复杂，双方都应对合同中的厂房和设备、双方的义务和责任、不可抗力的含义、违反合同的法律责任，以及解决争端的程序等重要事项说明清楚。
　　此外，如同一般技术授权一样，工程交付后的继续服务，也许是此类交钥匙工程的重要获利途径。日本某厂商曾不惜以低于成本的“自我牺牲”方式，为印度尼西亚承建发电厂。表面上看这是一桩赔本生意，但是从长远利益而言，将来发电厂所需的零配件供应、维护与整修等，势必长期依赖于日本方面的支持，由此累积下来的利益无疑十分可观。

交钥匙工程的必要条件　　

要完成交钥匙工程，必须具备如下条件：
　　1、多学科的组合
　　所谓多学科的组合，主要是指掌握相应学科的专业人员及试验基地组合。首先是工程领域范围内工艺、材料、设备方面专业学科的组合；其次是与该工程有关的相应学科的有机结合。
　　2、合理的单位组合
　　要完成交钥匙工程，不等于组织大而全的集团公司， 而是按市场经济规律，本着互惠互利、相互促进及相互支持的原则，以知识为商品，将必要的中试基地、加工基地或施工力量，组成比较稳固而又各自独立的联系单位。随着服务内容和服务对象的变化，这类联系单位又是运动着的，时进时出，有出有进。只要具有这样的共识，才可能齐心协力，完成相应的交钥匙工程。
　　3、最佳人员组成
　　需要有较强组织能力，敢于承担风险、肯拼搏的指挥员， 要有较强现场问题处理能力，善于拼搏的人，还要有懂经营、会管理、善于抓信息、充分利用天时、地利、人和条件的人。
　　总之，在这样一个群体中，人尽其才，相互学习，取长补短，各自在其特长方面发挥作用，为了同一任务而协调努力。
　　4、具有一定的经济实力
　　要承担交钥匙工程，服务单位没有一定经济实力是不行的。

交钥匙工程的基本内容　　

大体上讲，交钥匙工程应包括如下阶段：
　　1、构想阶段
　　在此阶段内，应完成服务内容的技术、经济、政策、环保诸方面的可行性论证；根据双向选择原则，确定服务对象；在广泛调查研究、听取各层次人员意见后， 因时因地拟订可行性方案。
　　2、设计阶段
　　在此阶段，服务单位主要从事软件的设计、制造、加工。
　　3、实施阶段
　　本阶段的任务主要是将大部分软件转化为硬件，即广义的硬件加工制造、组合装配，同时完成相应的人员培训等软件加工任务，或许可以称为广义的工艺装备加工。
　　4、终结阶段
　　此阶段是交钥匙工程的终结，即进入软硬件相结台的调试、试生产、投产应用。它是对服务单位现场应变和处理能力的考验，也直接关系到服务对象能否最终接受服务单位交出的钥匙去“开门人室”。