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Melting point

The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium. When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the freezing point. Because of the ability of some substances to supercool, the freezing point is not considered to be a characteristic property of a substance. When the "characteristic freezing point" of a substance is determined, in fact the actual methodology is almost always "the principle of observing the disappearance rather than the formation of ice", i.e. the melting point.[1]

Fundamentals

For most substances, melting and freezing points are approximately equal. For example, the melting point and freezing point of the element mercury is 234.32 kelvin (−38.83 °C or −37.89 °F). However, certain substances possess differing solid-liquid transition temperatures. For example, agar melts at 85 °C (185 °F) and solidifies from 31 °C to 40 °C (89.6 °F to 104 °F); this process is known as hysteresis.

Certain materials, such as glass, may harden without crystallizing; these are called amorphous solids. Amorphous materials as well as some polymers do not have a true melting point as there is no abrupt phase change at any specific temperature. Instead, there is a gradual change in their viscoelastic properties over a range of temperatures. Such materials are characterized by a glass transition which occurs at a glass transition temperature which may be roughly defined as the "knee" point of the material's density vs. temperature graph.

The melting point of ice at 1 atmosphere of pressure is very close [2] to 0 °C (32 °F, 273.15 K), this is also known as the ice point. In the presence of nucleating substances the freezing point of water is the same as the melting point, but in the absence of nucleators water can supercool to −42 °C (−43.6 °F, 231 K) before freezing.

Unlike the boiling point, the melting point is relatively insensitive to pressure because the solid/liquid transition represents only a small change in volume.[3][4] Melting points are often used to characterize organic and inorganic compounds and to ascertain their purity. The melting point of a pure substance is always higher and has a smaller range than the melting point of an impure substance. The more impurity is present, the lower the melting point and the broader the range. Eventually, a minimum melting point will be reached. The mixing ratio that results in the lowest possible melting point is known as the eutectic point.

The chemical element with the highest melting point is tungsten, at 3683 K (3410 °C, 6170 °F) making it excellent for use as filaments in light bulbs. The often-cited carbon does not melt at ambient pressure but sublimes at about 4000 K; a liquid phase only exists above pressures of 10 MPa and estimated 4300–4700 K. Tantalum hafnium carbide (Ta4HfC5) is a refractory compound with a very high melting point of 4488 K (4215 °C, 7619 °F).[5] At the other end of the scale, helium does not freeze at all at normal pressure, even at temperatures very close to absolute zero; pressures over 20 times normal atmospheric pressure are necessary.

Melting point measurements

Many laboratory techniques exist for the determination of melting points. A Kofler bench is a metal strip with a temperature gradient (range room temperature to 300°C). Any substance can be placed on a section of the strip revealing its thermal behaviour at the temperature at that point. Differential scanning calorimetry gives information on melting point together with its enthalpy of fusion.

A basic melting point apparatus for the analysis of crystalline solids consists of a oil bath with a transparent window (most basic design: a Thiele tube) and a simple magnifier. The several grains of a solid are placed in a thin glass tube and partially immersed in the oil bath. The oil bath is heated (and stirred) and with the aid of the magnifier (and external light source) melting of the individual crystals at a certain temperature can be observed. In contemporary devices, the sample is placed in a heating block, and optical detection is automated.

熔点（melting point)
　　熔点是固体将其物态由固态转变（熔化）为液态的温度。进行相反动作（即由液态转为固态）的温度，称之为凝固点。与沸点不同的是，熔点受压力的影响很小。
　　晶体融化时的温度叫做熔点。物质有晶体和非晶体,晶体有熔点,而非晶体则没有熔点。晶体又因类型不同而熔点也不同.一般来说晶体熔点从高到低为,原子晶体>离子晶体>金属晶体>分子晶体。在分子晶体中又有比较特殊的,如水,氨气等.它们的分子只间因为含有氢键而不符合"同主组元素的氢化物熔点规律性变化''的规律。
　　熔点是一种物质的一个物理性质。物质的熔点并不是固定不变的，有两个因素对熔点影响很大。一是压强，平时所说的物质的熔点，通常是指一个大气压时的情况；如果压强变化，熔点也要发生变化。熔点随压强的变化有两种不同的情况．对于大多数物质，熔化过程是体积变大的过程，当压强增大时，这些物质的熔点要升高；对于像水这样的物质，与大多数物质不同，冰熔化成水的过程体积要缩小(金属铋、锑等也是如此)，当压强增大时冰的熔点要降低。另一个就是物质中的杂质，我们平时所说的物质的熔点，通常是指纯净的物质。但在现实生活中，大部分的物质都是含有其它的物质的，比如在纯净的液态物质中熔有少量其他物质，或称为杂质，即使数量很少，物质的熔点也会有很大的变化，例如水中熔有盐，熔点就会明显下降，海水就是熔有盐的水，海水冬天结冰的温度比河水低，就是这个原因。饱和食盐水的熔点可下降到约-220℃，北方的城市在冬天下大雪时，常常往公路的积雪上撒盐，只要这时的温度高于-22℃，足够的盐总可以使冰雪熔化，这也是一个利用熔点在日常生活中的应用。
　　熔点实质上是该物质固、液两相可以共存并处于平衡的温度,以冰熔化成水为例,在一个大气压下冰的熔点是0℃,而温度为0℃时,冰和水可以共存,如果与外界没有热交换,冰和水共存的状态可以长期保持稳定。在各种晶体中粒子之间相互作用力不同,因而熔点各不相同。同一种晶体,熔点与压强有关,一般取在1大气压下物质的熔点为正常熔点。在一定压强下,晶体物质的熔点和凝固点都相同。熔解时体积膨胀的物质,在压强增加时熔点就要升高。
　　在有机化学领域中，对于纯粹的有机化合物，一般都有固定熔点。即在一定压力下，固-液两相之间的变化都是非常敏锐的，初熔至全熔的温度不超过0.5~1℃（熔点范围或称熔距、熔程）。但如混有杂质则其熔点下降，且熔距也较长。因此熔点测定是辨认物质本性的基本手段，也是纯度测定的重要方法之一。
　　测定方法一般用毛细管法和微量熔点测定法 。在实际应用中我们都是利用专业的测熔点仪来对一种物质进行测定。（右图就是一台显微图像熔点仪）
　　钨(W)是熔点最高的金属，在2000℃-2500℃高温下，蒸汽压仍很低。钨的硬度大，密度高，高温强度好。
　　下面是几种物质的熔点/摄氏度（℃）气压(在标准大气压下)
　　碳 3550
　　钨 3410+22-22
　　铂 1769
　　铁 1535
　　钢 1515
　　灰铸铁 1177
　　铜 1083
　　金 1064
　　铝 660
　　铅 328
　　锡 232
　　萘 80.5
　　硫代硫酸钠 48
　　水（冰） 0
　　固态水银 -39
　　固态甲苯 -95
　　固态酒精 -114
　　固态氮 -210
　　固态氧 -218
　　固态氢 -259
　　物质的熔点，即在一定压力下，纯物质的固态和液态呈平衡时的温度，也就是说在该压力和熔点温度下，纯物质呈固态的化学势和呈液态的化学势相等，而对于分散度极大的纯物质固态体系（纳米体系）来说，表面部分不能忽视，其化学势则不仅是温度和压力的函数，而且还与固体颗粒的粒径有关.