Yield strength发表评论(0)编辑词条

Yield strength

The yield strength or yield point of a material is defined in engineering and materials science as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible.
In the three-dimensional space of the principal stresses (σ1,σ2,σ3), an infinite number of yield points form together a yield surface.

Knowledge of the yield point is vital when designing a component since it generally represents an upper limit to the load that can be applied. It is also important for the control of many materials production techniques such as forging, rolling, or pressing. In structural engineering, this is a soft failure mode which does not normally cause catastrophic failure or ultimate failure unless it accelerates buckling.

Definition
It is often difficult to precisely define yielding due to the wide variety of stress–strain curves exhibited by real materials. In addition, there are several possible ways to define yielding:[1]

True elastic limit
The lowest stress at which dislocations move. This definition is rarely used, since dislocations move at very low stresses, and detecting such movement is very difficult.
Proportionality limit
Up to this amount of stress, stress is proportional to strain (Hooke's law), so the stress-strain graph is a straight line, and the gradient will be equal to the elastic modulus of the material.
Elastic limit (yield strength)
Beyond the elastic limit, permanent deformation will occur. The lowest stress at which permanent deformation can be measured. This requires a manual load-unload procedure, and the accuracy is critically dependent on equipment and operator skill. For elastomers, such as rubber, the elastic limit is much larger than the proportionality limit. Also, precise strain measurements have shown that plastic strain begins at low stresses.

Offset yield point (proof stress)
This is the most widely used strength measure of metals, and is found from the stress-strain curve as shown in the figure to the right. A plastic strain of 0.2% is usually used to define the offset yield stress, although other values may be used depending on the material and the application. The offset value is given as a subscript, e.g., Rp0.2=310 MPa. In some materials there is essentially no linear region and so a certain value of strain is defined instead. Although somewhat arbitrary, this method does allow for a consistent comparison of materials.
Upper yield point and lower yield point
Some metals, such as mild steel, reach an upper yield point before dropping rapidly to a lower yield point. The material response is linear up until the upper yield point, but the lower yield point is used in structural engineering as a conservative value. If a metal is only stressed to the upper yield point, and beyond, luders bands can develop.

屈服强度

是材料屈服的临界应力值。
　　（1）对于屈服现象明显的材料，屈服强度就是在屈服点在应力（屈服值）；（2）对于屈服现象不明显的材料，与应力-应变的直线关系的极限偏差达到规定值（通常为0.2%的永久形变）时的应力。通常用作固体材料力学机械性能的评价指标，是材料的实际使用极限。因为材料屈服后产生颈缩，应变增大，使材料失去了原有功能。
　　当应力超过弹性极限后，变形增加较快，此时除了产生弹性变形外，还产生部分塑性变形。当应力达到B点后，塑性应变急剧增加，曲线出现一个波动的小平台，这种现象称为屈服。这一阶段的最大、最小应力分别称为上屈服点和下屈服点。由于下屈服点的数值较为稳定，因此以它作为材料抗力的指标，称为屈服点或屈服强度(σs或σ0.2)。
　　有些钢材(如高碳钢)无明显的屈服现象，通常以发生微量的塑性变形(0.2％)时的应力作为该钢材的屈服强度，称为条件屈服强度（yield strength）。
　　首先解释一下材料受力变形。材料的变形分为弹性变形（外力撤销可以恢复原来形状）和塑性变形（外力撤销不能恢复原来形状，形状发生变化）