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Welding

Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-melting-point material between the workpieces to form a bond between them, without melting the workpieces.

Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, under water and in outer space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, eye damage, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.

Until the end of the 19th century, the only welding process was forge welding, which blacksmiths had used for centuries to join metals by heating and pounding them. Arc welding and oxyfuel welding were among the first processes to develop late in the century, and resistance welding followed soon after. Welding technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century as World War I and World War II drove the demand for reliable and inexpensive joining methods. Following the wars, several modern welding techniques were developed, including manual methods like shielded metal arc welding, now one of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-automatic and automatic processes such as gas metal arc welding, submerged arc welding, flux-cored arc welding and electroslag welding. Developments continued with the invention of laser beam welding and electron beam welding in the latter half of the century. Today, the science continues to advance. Robot welding is becoming more commonplace in industrial settings, and researchers continue to develop new welding methods and gain greater understanding of weld quality and properties.

History
 
The iron pillar of DelhiThe history of joining metals goes back several millennia, with the earliest examples of welding from the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in Europe and the Middle East. Welding was used in the construction of the iron pillar in Delhi, India, erected about 310 AD and weighing 5.4 metric tons.

The Middle Ages brought advances in forge welding, in which blacksmiths pounded heated metal repeatedly until bonding occurred. In 1540, Vannoccio Biringuccio published De la pirotechnia, which includes descriptions of the forging operation. Renaissance craftsmen were skilled in the process, and the industry continued to grow during the following centuries. Welding, however, was transformed during the 19th century—in 1800, Sir Humphry Davy discovered the electric arc, and advances in arc welding continued with the invention of metal electrodes in the late 1800s by a Russian, Nikolai Slavyanov, and an American, C. L. Coffin, even as carbon arc welding, which used a carbon electrode, gained popularity. Around 1900, A. P. Strohmenger released a coated metal electrode in Britain, which gave a more stable arc, and in 1919, alternating current welding was invented by C. J. Holslag but did not become popular for another decade.

Resistance welding was also developed during the final decades of the 19th century, with the first patents going to Elihu Thomson in 1885, who produced further advances over the next 15 years. Thermite welding was invented in 1893, and around that time another process, oxyfuel welding, became well established. Acetylene was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy, but its use was not practical in welding until about 1900, when a suitable blowtorch was developed. At first, oxyfuel welding was one of the more popular welding methods due to its portability and relatively low cost. As the 20th century progressed, however, it fell out of favor for industrial applications. It was largely replaced with arc welding, as metal coverings (known as flux) for the electrode that stabilize the arc and shield the base material from impurities continued to be developed.

World War I caused a major surge in the use of welding processes, with the various military powers attempting to determine which of the several new welding processes would be best. The British primarily used arc welding, even constructing a ship, the Fulagar, with an entirely welded hull. Arc welding was first applied to aircraft during the war as well, as some German airplane fuselages were constructed using the process. Also noteworthy is the first welded road bridge in the world, designed by Stefan Bryła of the Warsaw University of Technology in 1927, and built across the river Słudwia Maurzyce near Łowicz, Poland in 1929.

During the 1920s, major advances were made in welding technology, including the introduction of automatic welding in 1920, in which electrode wire was fed continuously. Shielding gas became a subject receiving much attention, as scientists attempted to protect welds from the effects of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere. Porosity and brittleness were the primary problems, and the solutions that developed included the use of hydrogen, argon, and helium as welding atmospheres. During the following decade, further advances allowed for the welding of reactive metals like aluminum and magnesium. This in conjunction with developments in automatic welding, alternating current, and fluxes fed a major expansion of arc welding during the 1930s and then during World War II.

During the middle of the century, many new welding methods were invented. 1930 saw the release of stud welding, which soon became popular in shipbuilding and construction. Submerged arc welding was invented the same year and continues to be popular today. Gas tungsten arc welding, after decades of development, was finally perfected in 1941, and gas metal arc welding followed in 1948, allowing for fast welding of non-ferrous materials but requiring expensive shielding gases. Shielded metal arc welding was developed during the 1950s, using a flux coated consumable electrode, and it quickly became the most popular metal arc welding process. In 1957, the flux-cored arc welding process debuted, in which the self-shielded wire electrode could be used with automatic equipment, resulting in greatly increased welding speeds, and that same year, plasma arc welding was invented. Electroslag welding was introduced in 1958, and it was followed by its cousin, electrogas welding, in 1961.[10]

Other recent developments in welding include the 1958 breakthrough of electron beam welding, making deep and narrow welding possible through the concentrated heat source. Following the invention of the laser in 1960, laser beam welding debuted several decades later, and has proved to be especially useful in high-speed, automated welding. Both of these processes, however, continue to be quite expensive due the high cost of the necessary equipment, and this has limited their applications.

Arc
These processes use a welding power supply to create and maintain an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding point. They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region is sometimes protected by some type of inert or semi-inert gas, known as a shielding gas, and filler material is sometimes used as well.

Power supplies
To supply the electrical energy necessary for arc welding processes, a number of different power supplies can be used. The most common welding power supplies are constant current power supplies and constant voltage power supplies. In arc welding, the length of the arc is directly related to the voltage, and the amount of heat input is related to the current. Constant current power supplies are most often used for manual welding processes such as gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding, because they maintain a relatively constant current even as the voltage varies. This is important because in manual welding, it can be difficult to hold the electrode perfectly steady, and as a result, the arc length and thus voltage tend to fluctuate. Constant voltage power supplies hold the voltage constant and vary the current, and as a result, are most often used for automated welding processes such as gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, and submerged arc welding. In these processes, arc length is kept constant, since any fluctuation in the distance between the wire and the base material is quickly rectified by a large change in current. For example, if the wire and the base material get too close, the current will rapidly increase, which in turn causes the heat to increase and the tip of the wire to melt, returning it to its original separation distance.

The type of current used in arc welding also plays an important role in welding. Consumable electrode processes such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding generally use direct current, but the electrode can be charged either positively or negatively. In welding, the positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration, and as a result, changing the polarity of the electrode has an impact on weld properties. If the electrode is positively charged, the base metal will be hotter, increasing weld penetration and welding speed. Alternatively, a negatively charged electrode results in more shallow welds. Nonconsumable electrode processes, such as gas tungsten arc welding, can use either type of direct current, as well as alternating current. However, with direct current, because the electrode only creates the arc and does not provide filler material, a positively charged electrode causes shallow welds, while a negatively charged electrode makes deeper welds. Alternating current rapidly moves between these two, resulting in medium-penetration welds. One disadvantage of AC, the fact that the arc must be re-ignited after every zero crossing, has been addressed with the invention of special power units that produce a square wave pattern instead of the normal sine wave, making rapid zero crossings possible and minimizing the effects of the problem.

Processes

One of the most common types of arc welding is shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), which is also known as manual metal arc welding (MMA) or stick welding. Electric current is used to strike an arc between the base material and consumable electrode rod, which is made of steel and is covered with a flux that protects the weld area from oxidation and contamination by producing CO2 gas during the welding process. The electrode core itself acts as filler material, making a separate filler unnecessary.

The process is versatile and can be performed with relatively inexpensive equipment, making it well suited to shop jobs and field work. An operator can become reasonably proficient with a modest amount of training and can achieve mastery with experience. Weld times are rather slow, since the consumable electrodes must be frequently replaced and because slag, the residue from the flux, must be chipped away after welding. Furthermore, the process is generally limited to welding ferrous materials, though special electrodes have made possible the welding of cast iron, nickel, aluminum, copper, and other metals. Inexperienced operators may find it difficult to make good out-of-position welds with this process.

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), also known as metal inert gas or MIG welding, is a semi-automatic or automatic process that uses a continuous wire feed as an electrode and an inert or semi-inert gas mixture to protect the weld from contamination. As with SMAW, reasonable operator proficiency can be achieved with modest training. Since the electrode is continuous, welding speeds are greater for GMAW than for SMAW. Also, the smaller arc size compared to the shielded metal arc welding process makes it easier to make out-of-position welds (e.g., overhead joints, as would be welded underneath a structure).

The equipment required to perform the GMAW process is more complex and expensive than that required for SMAW, and requires a more complex setup procedure. Therefore, GMAW is less portable and versatile, and due to the use of a separate shielding gas, is not particularly suitable for outdoor work. However, owing to the higher average rate at which welds can be completed, GMAW is well suited to production welding. The process can be applied to a wide variety of metals, both ferrous and non-ferrous.

A related process, flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), uses similar equipment but uses wire consisting of a steel electrode surrounding a powder fill material. This cored wire is more expensive than the standard solid wire and can generate fumes and/or slag, but it permits even higher welding speed and greater metal penetration.

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), or tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding (also sometimes erroneously referred to as heliarc welding), is a manual welding process that uses a nonconsumable tungsten electrode, an inert or semi-inert gas mixture, and a separate filler material. Especially useful for welding thin materials, this method is characterized by a stable arc and high quality welds, but it requires significant operator skill and can only be accomplished at relatively low speeds.

GTAW can be used on nearly all weldable metals, though it is most often applied to stainless steel and light metals. It is often used when quality welds are extremely important, such as in bicycle, aircraft and naval applications.[20] A related process, plasma arc welding, also uses a tungsten electrode but uses plasma gas to make the arc. The arc is more concentrated than the GTAW arc, making transverse control more critical and thus generally restricting the technique to a mechanized process. Because of its stable current, the method can be used on a wider range of material thicknesses than can the GTAW process, and furthermore, it is much faster. It can be applied to all of the same materials as GTAW except magnesium, and automated welding of stainless steel is one important application of the process. A variation of the process is plasma cutting, an efficient steel cutting process.[21]

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a high-productivity welding method in which the arc is struck beneath a covering layer of flux. This increases arc quality, since contaminants in the atmosphere are blocked by the flux. The slag that forms on the weld generally comes off by itself, and combined with the use of a continuous wire feed, the weld deposition rate is high. Working conditions are much improved over other arc welding processes, since the flux hides the arc and almost no smoke is produced. The process is commonly used in industry, especially for large products and in the manufacture of welded pressure vessels.[22] Other arc welding processes include atomic hydrogen welding, carbon arc welding, electroslag welding, electrogas welding, and stud arc welding.

Gas
The most common gas welding process is oxyfuel welding, also known as oxyacetylene welding. It is one of the oldest and most versatile welding processes, but in recent years it has become less popular in industrial applications. It is still widely used for welding pipes and tubes, as well as repair work. It is also frequently well-suited, and favored, for fabricating some types of metal-based artwork. Oxyfuel equipment is versatile, lending itself not only to some sorts of iron or steel welding but also to brazing, braze-welding, metal heating (for bending and forming), and also oxyfuel cutting.

The equipment is relatively inexpensive and simple, generally employing the combustion of acetylene in oxygen to produce a welding flame temperature of about 3100 °C. The flame, since it is less concentrated than an electric arc, causes slower weld cooling, which can lead to greater residual stresses and weld distortion, though it eases the welding of high alloy steels. A similar process, generally called oxyfuel cutting, is used to cut metals.[5] Other gas welding methods, such as air acetylene welding, oxygen hydrogen welding, and pressure gas welding are quite similar, generally differing only in the type of gases used. A water torch is sometimes used for precision welding of small items such as jewelry. Gas welding is also used in plastic welding, though the heated substance is air, and the temperatures are much lower.

焊接(welding)
　　焊接是通过加热、加压，或两者并用，使两个分离的物体产生原子（分子）间结合而连接成整体的过程。焊接应用广泛，既可用于金属，也可用于非金属。

焊接工艺的发展历史
　　焊接技术是随着金属的应用而出现的，古代的焊接方法主要是铸焊、钎焊和锻焊。中国商朝制造的铁刃铜钺，就是铁与铜的铸焊件，其表面铜与铁的熔合线婉蜒曲折，接合良好。春秋战国时期曾侯乙墓中的建鼓铜座上有许多盘龙，是分段钎焊连接而成的。经分析，所用的与现代软钎料成分相近。
　　战国时期制造的刀剑，刀刃为钢，刀背为熟铁，一般是经过加热锻焊而成的。据明朝宋应星所著《天工开物》一书记载：中国古代将铜和铁一起入炉加热，经锻打制造刀、斧；用黄泥或筛细的陈久壁土撒在接口上，分段煅焊大型船锚。中世纪，在叙利亚大马士革也曾用锻焊制造兵器。
　　古代焊接技术长期停留在铸焊、锻焊和钎焊的水平上，使用的热源都是炉火，温度低、能量不集中，无法用于大截面、长焊缝工件的焊接，只能用以制作装饰品、简单的工具和武器。
　　19世纪初，英国的戴维斯发现电弧和氧乙炔焰两种能局部熔化金属的高温热源；1885～1887年,俄国的别纳尔多斯发明碳极电弧焊钳；1900年又出现了铝热焊。
　　20世纪初，碳极电弧焊和气焊得到应用，同时还出现了薄药皮焊条电弧焊，电弧比较稳定，焊接熔池受到熔渣保护，焊接质量得到提高，使手工电弧焊进入实用阶段，电弧焊从20年代起成为一种重要的焊接方法。
　　在此期间，美国的诺布尔利用电弧电压控制焊条送给速度，制成自动电弧焊机，从而成为焊接机械化、自动化的开端。1930年美国的罗宾诺夫发明使用焊丝和焊剂的埋弧焊，焊接机械化得到进一步发展。40年代，为适应铝、镁合金和合金钢焊接的需要，钨极和熔化极惰性气体保护焊相继问世。
　　1951年苏联的巴顿电焊研究所创造电渣焊，成为大厚度工件的高效焊接法。1953年，苏联的柳巴夫斯基等人发明二氧化碳气体保护焊，促进了气体保护电弧焊的应用和发展，如出现了混合气体保护焊、药芯焊丝气渣联合保护焊和自保护电弧焊等。
　　1957年美国的盖奇发明等离子弧焊；40年代德国和法国发明的电子束焊，也在50年代得到实用和进一步发展；60年代又出现激光焊等离子、电子束和激光焊接方法的出现，标志着高能量密度熔焊的新发展，大大改善了材料的焊接性，使许多难以用其他方法焊接的材料和结构得以焊接。
　　冷焊机在国际上叫ESD（ELECTRO SPARK DEPOSITION），是20世纪初由前苏联的专家应用类似于放电加工机Electro Discharge Machining 的电路原理研究开发出来的。主要用途是使用高硬度的碳化钨等材料对金属表面进行涂层加工，提高耐磨性，耐热性，耐烧粘等性能。当初的加工机涂层厚度最大只能达到30üm 左右，因此无法满足修补需要。之后，经过了大量的研究开发，提高了其输出功率，改进了焊枪结构和焊条材料成份。针对以往的前后震动式电极，采用了旋转式电极，并且利用氩气保护来防止熔敷金属的氧化、氮化，实现了连续多层修补堆焊，提高了修补堆焊厚度，从而作为金属工件修复加工机推向市场。对于那些金属制品制造厂家，在工件制品出现毛刺、针孔、气孔、裂纹、磨损，划痕等缺陷时，利用以往的焊接方法来修复工件的话，工件会产生变形，甚至热裂或是易脱落。冷焊机焊接时无需预热，堆焊的瞬间过程中无热输入，因而无变形，咬边和残余应力，不会产生局部退火，不改变模具或金属产品的组织状态而且熔接强度高，治金结合不会脱落。
　　其他的焊接技术还有1887年，美国的汤普森发明电阻焊，并用于薄板的点焊和缝焊；缝焊是压焊中最早的半机械化焊接方法，随着缝焊过程的进行，工件被两滚轮推送前进；二十世纪世纪20年代开始使用闪光对焊方法焊接棒材和链条。至此电阻焊进入实用阶段。1956年，美国的琼斯发明超声波焊；苏联的丘季科夫发明摩擦焊；1959年，美国斯坦福研究所研究成功爆炸焊；50年代末苏联又制成真空扩散焊设备。
焊接工艺
　　金属焊接方法有40种以上，主要分为熔焊、压焊和钎焊三大类。
　　熔焊是在焊接过程中将工件接口加热至熔化状态，不加压力完成焊接的方法。熔焊时，热源将待焊两工件接口处迅速加热熔化，形成熔池。熔池随热源向前移动，冷却后形成连续焊缝而将两工件连接成为一体。
　　在熔焊过程中，如果大气与高温的熔池直接接触，大气中的氧就会氧化金属和各种合金元素。大气中的氮、水蒸汽等进入熔池，还会在随后冷却过程中在焊缝中形成气孔、夹渣、裂纹等缺陷，恶化焊缝的质量和性能。
　　为了提高焊接质量，人们研究出了各种保护方法。例如，气体保护电弧焊就是用氩、二氧化碳等气体隔绝大气，以保护焊接时的电弧和熔池率；又如钢材焊接时，在焊条药皮中加入对氧亲和力大的钛铁粉进行脱氧，就可以保护焊条中有益元素锰、硅等免于氧化而进入熔池，冷却后获得优质焊缝。
　　压焊是在加压条件下，使两工件在固态下实现原子间结合，又称固态焊接。常用的压焊工艺是电阻对焊，当电流通过两工件的连接端时，该处因电阻很大而温度上升，当加热至塑性状态时，在轴向压力作用下连接成为一体。
　　各种压焊方法的共同特点是在焊接过程中施加压力而不加填充材料。多数压焊方法如扩散焊、高频焊、冷压焊等都没有熔化过程，因而没有象熔焊那样的有益合金元素烧损，和有害元素侵入焊缝的问题，从而简化了焊接过程，也改善了焊接安全卫生条件。同时由于加热温度比熔焊低、加热时间短，因而热影响区小。许多难以用熔化焊焊接的材料，往往可以用压焊焊成与母材同等强度的优质接头。
　　钎焊是使用比工件熔点低的金属材料作钎料，将工件和钎料加热到高于钎料熔点、低于工件熔点的温度，利用液态钎料润湿工件，填充接口间隙并与工件实现原子间的相互扩散，从而实现焊接的方法。
　　焊接时形成的连接两个被连接体的接缝称为焊缝。焊缝的两侧在焊接时会受到焊接热作用，而发生组织和性能变化，这一区域被称为热影响区。焊接时因工件材料焊接材料、焊接电流等不同，焊后在焊缝和热影响区可能产生过热、脆化、淬硬或软化现象，也使焊件性能下降，恶化焊接性。这就需要调整焊接条件，焊前对焊件接口处预热、焊时保温和焊后热处理可以改善焊件的焊接质量。
　　另外，焊接是一个局部的迅速加热和冷却过程，焊接区由于受到四周工件本体的拘束而不能自由膨胀和收缩，冷却后在焊件中便产生焊接应力和变形。重要产品焊后都需要消除焊接应力，矫正焊接变形。
　　现代焊接技术已能焊出无内外缺陷的、机械性能等于甚至高于被连接体的焊缝。被焊接体在空间的相互位置称为焊接接头，接头处的强度除受焊缝质量影响外，还与其几何形状、尺寸、受力情况和工作条件等有关。接头的基本形式有对接、搭接、丁字接(正交接)和角接等。
　　对接接头焊缝的横截面形状，决定于被焊接体在焊接前的厚度和两接边的坡口形式。焊接较厚的钢板时，为了焊透而在接边处开出各种形状的坡口，以便较容易地送入焊条或焊丝。坡口形式有单面施焊的坡口和两面施焊的坡口。选择坡口形式时，除保证焊透外还应考虑施焊方便，填充金属量少，焊接变形小和坡口加工费用低等因素。
　　厚度不同的两块钢板对接时，为避免截面急剧变化引起严重的应力集中，常把较厚的板边逐渐削薄，达到两接边处等厚。对接接头的静强度和疲劳强度比其他接头高。在交变、冲击载荷下或在低温高压容器中工作的联接，常优先采用对接接头的焊接。
　　搭接接头的焊前准备工作简单，装配方便，焊接变形和残余应力较小，因而在工地安装接头和不重要的结构上时常采用。一般来说，搭接接头不适于在交变载荷、腐蚀介质、高温或低温等条件下工作。
　　采用丁字接头和角接头通常是由于结构上的需要。丁字接头上未焊透的角焊缝工作特点与搭接接头的角焊缝相似。当焊缝与外力方向垂直时便成为正面角焊缝，这时焊缝表面形状会引起不同程度的应力集中；焊透的角焊缝受力情况与对接接头相似。
　　角接头承载能力低，一般不单独使用，只有在焊透时，或在内外均有角焊缝时才有所改善，多用于封闭形结构的拐角处。
　　焊接产品比铆接件、铸件和锻件重量轻，对于交通运输工具来说可以减轻自重，节约能量。焊接的密封性好，适于制造各类容器。发展联合加工工艺，使焊接与锻造、铸造相结合，可以制成大型、经济合理的铸焊结构和锻焊结构，经济效益很高。采用焊接工艺能有效利用材料，焊接结构可以在不同部位采用不同性能的材料，充分发挥各种材料的特长，达到经济、优质。焊接已成为现代工业中一种不可缺少，而且日益重要的加工工艺方法。
　　在近代的金属加工中，焊接比铸造、锻压工艺发展较晚，但发展速度很快。焊接结构的重量约占钢材产量的45%，铝和铝合金焊接结构的比重也不断增加。
　　未来的焊接工艺，一方面要研制新的焊接方法、焊接设备和焊接材料，以进一步提高焊接质量和安全可靠性，如改进现有电弧、等离子弧、电子束、激光等焊接能源；运用电子技术和控制技术，改善电弧的工艺性能，研制可靠轻巧的电弧跟踪方法。
　　另一方面要提高焊接机械化和自动化水平，如焊机实现程序控制、数字控制；研制从准备工序、焊接到质量监控全部过程自动化的专用焊机；在自动焊接生产线上，推广、扩大数控的焊接机械手和焊接机器人，可以提高焊接生产水平，改善焊接卫生安全条件。

焊接作业中发生火灾、爆炸事故的原因
　　(1)焊接切割作业时，尤其是气体切割时，由于使用压缩空气或氧气流的喷射，使火星、熔珠和铁渣四处飞溅（较大的熔珠和铁渣能飞溅到距操作点5m以外的地方），当作业环境中存在易燃、易爆物品或气体时，就可能会发生火灾和爆炸事故。
　　(2)在高空焊接切割作业时，对火星所及的范围内的易燃易爆物品未清理干净，作业人员在工作过程中乱扔焊条头，作业结束后未认真检查是否留有火种。
　　(3)气焊、气割的工作过程中未按规定的要求放置乙炔发生器，工作前未按要求检查焊（割）炬、橡胶管路和乙炔发生器的安全装置。
　　(4)气瓶存在制定方面的不足，气瓶的保管充灌、运输、使用等方面存在不足，违反安全操作规程等。
　　(5)乙炔、氧气等管道的制定、安装有缺陷，使用中未及时发现和整改其不足。
　　(6)在焊补燃料容器和管道时，未按要求采取相应措施。在实施置换焊补时，置换不彻底，在实施带压不置换焊补时压力不够致使外部明火导入等。
焊接作业中发生火灾、爆炸事故的防范措施
　　(1)焊接切割作业时，将作业环境l Om范围内所有易燃易爆一380．
　　物品清理干净，应注意作业环境的地沟、下水道内有无可燃液体和可燃气体，以及是否有可能泄漏到地沟和下水道内可燃易爆物质，以免由于焊渣、金属火星引起灾害事故。
　　(2)高空焊接切割时，禁止乱扔焊条头，对焊接切割作业下方应进行隔离，作业完毕应做到认真细致的检查，确认无火灾隐患后方可离开现场。
　　(3)应使用符合国家有关标准、规程要求的气瓶，在气瓶的贮存、运输、使用等环节应严格遵守安全操作规程。
　　(4)对输送可燃气体和助燃气体的管道应按规定安装、使用和管理，对操作人员和检查人员应进行专门的安全技术培训。
　　(5)焊补燃料容器和管道时，应结合实际情况确定焊补方法。实施置换法时，置换应彻底，工作中应严格控制可燃物质的含影实施带压不置换法时，应按要求保持一定的电压。工作中应严格控制其含氧量。要加强检测，注意监护，要有安全组织措施。
　　内容摘要:作为一种工业技术,焊接的出现迎合了金属艺术发展对新工艺手段的需要。而在另一方面,金属在焊接热量作用下所产生的独特美妙的变化也满足了金属艺术对新的艺术表现语言的需求。在今天的金属艺术创作中,焊接可以而且正在被作为一种独特的艺术表现语言而着力加以表现。本文对这一技术的出现与运用进行了分析。

焊接注意事项
　　一、电弧的长度
　　电弧的长度与焊条涂料种类和药皮厚度有关系。但都应尽可能采取短弧，特别是低氢焊条。电弧长可能造成气孔。短弧可避免大气中的O2、N2等有害气体侵入焊缝金属，形成氧化物等不良杂质而影响焊缝质量。
　　二、焊接速度
　　适宜的焊接速度是以焊条直径、涂料类型、焊接电流、被焊接物的热容量、结构开头等条件有其相应变化，不能作出标准的规定。保持适宜的焊接速度，熔渣能很好的覆盖着熔潭。使熔潭内的各种杂质和气体有充分浮出时间，避免形成焊缝的夹渣和气孔。在焊接时如运棒速度太快，焊接部位冷却时，收缩应力会增大，使焊缝产生裂缝。
　　焊丝选用的要点
　　焊丝的选择要根据被焊钢材种类、焊接部件的质量要求、焊接施工条件（板厚、坡口形状、焊接位置、焊接条件、焊后热处理及焊接操作等待）、成本等综合考虑。
　　焊丝选用要考虑的顺序如下：
　　①根据被焊结构的钢种选择焊丝 对于碳钢及低合金高强钢，主要是按“等强匹配”的原则，选择满足力学性能要求的焊丝。对于耐热钢和耐候钢，主要是侧重考虑焊缝金属与母材化学成分的一致相似，以满足耐热性和耐腐蚀性等方面的要求。
　　②根据被焊部件的质量要求（特别是冲击韧性）选择焊丝 与焊接条件、坡口形状、保护气体混合比等工艺条件有关，要在确保焊接接头性能的前提下，选择达到最大焊接效率及降低焊接成本的焊接材料。
　　③根据现场焊接位置 对应于被焊工件的板厚选择所使用的焊丝直径，确定所使用的电流值，参考各生产厂的产品介绍资料及使用经验，选择适合于焊接位置及使用电流的焊丝牌号。
　　焊接工艺性能包括电弧稳定性、飞溅颗粒大小及数量、脱渣性、焊缝外观与形状等。对于碳钢及低合金钢的焊接（特别是半自动焊），主要是根据焊接工艺性能来选择焊接方法及焊接材料。
　　2、 实芯焊丝的选用
　　⑴埋弧焊焊丝
　　焊丝和焊剂是埋弧焊的消耗材料，从碳素钢到高镍合金多种金属材料的焊接都可以选用焊丝和焊剂配合进行埋弧焊接.。埋弧焊焊丝的选用既要考虑焊剂成分的影响，又要考虑母材的影响。为了得到不同的焊缝成分和力学性能，可以采用一种焊剂（主要是熔炼焊剂）与几种焊丝配合，也可以采用一种焊丝与几种焊剂（主要是烧结焊剂）配合。
　　A、 低碳钢和低合金钢用焊丝
　　低碳钢和低合金钢埋弧焊常用焊丝有如下三类：
　　①低锰焊丝（如H08A）常配合高锰焊剂用于低碳钢用强度较低的低合金钢焊接。
　　②中锰焊丝（如H08MnA H10MnSi）主要用于低合金钢焊接，也可配合低锰焊剂用于低碳钢焊接。
　　③高锰焊丝（H10Mn2 H08Mn2Si）用于低合金钢焊接。
　　B、低合金高强钢用焊丝
　　低合金高强钢用焊丝含Mn 1%以上，含Mo 0.3%-0.8%，如H08MnMoA、H08Mn2MoA，用于强度较高的低合金高强钢焊接。此外，根据低合金高强钢的成分用使用性能要求，还可在焊丝中加入Ni、Cr、V及RE等元素，提高焊缝性能。
　　强度级别590Mpa级的焊缝金属多采用Mn- Mo系焊丝，如H08MnMoA、H08Mn2MoA、H10Mn2Mo等。
　　C、不锈钢用焊丝
　　不锈钢焊接时，采用的焊丝成分要与被焊接的不锈钢成分基本一致。焊接铬不锈钢时可采用H0Cr14 H1Cr13 H1Cr17等焊丝，焊接铬镍不锈钢时，可采用H0Cr19Ni9 H0Cr19Ni9Ti等焊丝；焊接超低碳不锈钢时，应采用相应的超低碳焊丝，如H00Cr19Ni9等。焊剂可采用熔炼型或烧结型，要求焊剂的氧化性要小，以减少合金元素的烧损。
　　焊接的分类
　　一般都根据热源的性质、形成接头的状态及是否采用加压来划分。
　　1、熔化焊
　　熔化焊是将焊件接头加热至熔化状态，不加压力完成焊接的方法。它包括气焊、电弧焊、电渣焊、激光焊、电子束焊、等离子弧焊、堆焊和铝热焊等。
　　2、压焊
　　压焊是通过对焊件施加压力（加热或不加热）来完成焊接的方法。它包括爆炸焊、冷压焊、摩擦焊、扩散焊、超声波焊、高频焊和电阻焊等。
　　3、钎焊
　　钎焊是采用比母材熔点低的金属材料作钎料，在加热温度高于钎料低于母材熔点的情况下，利用液态钎料润湿母材，填充接头间隙，并与母材相互扩散实现连接焊件的方法。它包括硬钎焊、软钎焊等。钎焊的优点是容易保证焊件的尺寸精度，同时对于焊件母材的组织及性能的影响也比较小；适用于各种金属材料、异种金属和金属与非金属的连接；。钎焊的缺点是钎焊接头的耐热能力比较差，接头强度比较低，钎焊时表面清理及焊件装配质量的要求比较高。