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Goldman Sachs Group

The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., or simply Goldman Sachs (NYSE: GS), is a bank holding company that engages in investment banking, securities services and investment management. Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869, and is headquartered in the Lower Manhattan area of New York City at 85 Broad Street but has its secondary office at 30 Hudson Street, Jersey City, New Jersey. The firm has offices in all global financial centers and acts as a financial advisor and money manager for corporations, governments, and wealthy families around the world. Goldman offers its clients mergers & acquisitions advice, underwriting services, asset management, and engages in proprietary trading, and private equity deals. It is a primary dealer in the U.S. Treasury securities market.

Former Goldman Sachs employees such as Henry Paulson and Robert Rubin have held high positions in the federal government, regardless of which party was in the White House.

History

1869 - 1930
Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869 by German Jewish immigrant Marcus Goldman.In 1882, Goldman's son-in-law Samuel Sachs joined the firm which prompted the name change to Goldman Sachs. The company made a name for itself pioneering the use of commercial paper for entrepreneurs and was invited to join the New York Stock Exchange in 1896.

In the early 20th century, Goldman was a player in establishing the initial public offering market. It managed one of the largest IPOs to date, that of Sears, Roebuck and Company in 1906. It also became one of the first companies to heavily recruit those with MBA degrees from leading business schools, a practice that still continues today.[citation needed]

On December 4, 1928, it launched the Goldman Sachs Trading Corp. a closed-end fund with characteristics similar to that of a Ponzi scheme. The fund failed as a result of the Stock Market Crash of 1929, hurting the firm's reputation for several years afterward. For this case and others like Blue Ridge Corporation  and Shenandoah Corporation  John Kenneth Galbraith wrote: The Autumn of 1929 was, perhaps, the first occasion when men succeeded on a large scale in swindling themselves.

1930 - 1980
In 1930, Sidney Weinberg assumed the role of senior partner and shifted Goldman's focus away from trading and towards investment banking. It was Weinberg's actions that helped to restore some of Goldman's tarnished reputation. On the back of Weinberg, Goldman was lead advisor on the Ford Motor Company's IPO in 1956, which at the time was a major coup on Wall Street. Under Weinberg's reign the firm also started an investment research division and a municipal bond department. It also was at this time that the firm became an early innovator in risk arbitrage.

Gus Levy joined the firm in the 1950s as a securities trader, which started a trend at Goldman where there would be two powers generally vying for supremacy, one from investment banking and one from securities trading. For most of the 1950s and 1960's, this would be Weinberg and Levy. Levy was a pioneer in block trading and the firm established this trend under his guidance. Due to Weinberg's heavy influence at the firm, it formed an investment banking division in 1956 in an attempt to spread around influence and not focus it all on Weinberg.

In 1969, Levy took over as Senior Partner from Weinberg, and built Goldman's trading franchise once again. It is Levy who is credited with Goldman's famous philosophy of being "long-term greedy," which implies that as long as money is made over the long term, trading losses in the short term are not to be worried about. That same year, Weinberg retired from the firm.

Another financial crisis for the firm occurred in 1970, when the Penn Central Railroad Company went bankrupt with over $80 million in commercial paper outstanding, most of it issued by Goldman Sachs. The bankruptcy was large, and the resulting lawsuits threatened the partnership capital and life of the firm. It was this bankruptcy that resulted in credit ratings being created for every issuer of commercial paper today by several credit rating services.

During the 1970s, the firm also expanded in several ways. Under the direction of Senior Partner Stanley R. Miller, it opened its first international office in London in 1970, and created a private wealth division along with a fixed income division in 1972. It also pioneered the "white knight" strategy in 1974 during its attempts to defend Electric Storage Battery against a hostile takeover bid from International Nickel and Goldman's rival Morgan Stanley.[5] This action would boost the firm's reputation as an investment advisor because it pledged to no longer participate in hostile takeovers.

John Weinberg (the son of Sidney Weinberg), and John C. Whitehead assumed roles of co-senior partners in 1976, once again emphasizing the co-leadership at the firm. One of their initiatives was the establishment of the 14 business principles that are still used to this day.

1980 - 1999
In the 1980s, the firm made a move by acquiring J. Aron & Company, a commodities trading firm which merged with the Fixed Income division to become known as Fixed Income, Currencies, and Commodities. J. Aron was a player in the coffee and gold markets, and the current CEO of Goldman, Lloyd Blankfein, joined the firm as a result of this merger. In 1985 it underwrote the public offering of the Real Estate Investment Trust that owned Rockefeller Center, then the largest REIT offering in history. In accordance with the beginning of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the firm also became involved in facilitating the global privatization movement by advising companies that were spinning off from their parent governments.

In 1986, the firm formed Goldman Sachs Asset Management, which manages the majority of its mutual funds and hedge funds today. In the same year, the firm also underwrote the IPO of Microsoft, advised General Electric on its acquisition of RCA and joined the London and Tokyo stock exchanges. 1986 also was the year when Goldman became the first United States bank to rank in the top 10 of mergers and acquisitions in the United Kingdom. During the 1980s the firm became the first bank to distribute its investment research electronically and created the first public offering of original issue deep-discount bond.

Robert Rubin and Stephen Friedman assumed the Co-Senior Partnership in 1990 and pledged to focus on globalization of the firm and strengthening the Merger & Acquisition and Trading business lines. During their reign, the firm introduced paperless trading to the New York Stock exchange and lead-managed the first-ever global debt offering by a U.S. corporation. It also launched the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) and opened a Beijing office in 1994. It was this same year that Jon Corzine assumed leadership of the firm following the departure of Rubin and Friedman. The firm joined David Rockefeller and partners in a 50-50 join ownership of Rockefeller Center during 1994, but later sold the shares to Tishman Speyer in 2000. In 1996, Goldman was lead underwriter of the Yahoo! IPO and in 1998 it was global coordinator of the NTT DoCoMo IPO. In 1999, Henry Paulson took over as Senior Partner.

1999 - present
One of the largest events in the firm's history was its own IPO in 1999. The decision to go public was one that the partners debated for decades. In the end, Goldman decided to offer only a small portion of the company to the public, with some 48% still held by the partnership pool.[7] 22% of the company is held by non-partner employees, and 18% is held by retired Goldman partners and two longtime investors, Sumitomo Bank Ltd. and Hawaii's Kamehameha Activities Assn (the investing arm of Kamehameha Schools). This leaves approximately 12% of the company as being held by the public. With the firm's 1999 IPO, Henry Paulson became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the firm.

In 1999 Goldman acquired Hull Trading Company, one of the world's premier market-making firms, for $531 million. More recently, the firm has been busy both in investment banking and in trading activities. It purchased Spear, Leeds, & Kellogg, one of the largest specialist firms on the New York Stock Exchange, for $6.3 billion in September 2000. It also advised on a debt offering for the Government of China and the first electronic offering for the World Bank. It merged with JBWere, the Australian investment bank and opened a full-service broker-dealer in Brazil. It expanded its investments in companies to include Burger King, McJunkin Corporation, and in January 2007, Alliance Atlantis alongside CanWest Global Communications to own sole broadcast rights to the CSI franchise. The firm is also heavily involved in energy trading, including the oil speculation market, on both a principal and agent basis.

Its sizable profits made during the 2007 Subprime mortgage financial crisis led the New York Times to proclaim that Goldman Sachs is without peer in the world of finance. The firm's viability was later called into question as the crisis intensified in September 2008.

In May 2006, Henry Paulson left the firm to serve as U.S. Treasury Secretary, and Lloyd Blankfein was promoted to Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Former Goldman employees head the New York Stock Exchange, the World Bank, the U.S. Treasury Department, the White House staff, and firms such as Citigroup and Merrill Lynch.

In January 2007, Goldman Sachs acquired the Entertainment and Production sector of Canadian film/television company Alliance Atlantis, as well as the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation franchise. Distribution rights went to CBS.

On September 21, 2008, Goldman Sachs received Federal Reserve approval to transition from an investment bank to a bank holding company.

On September 22, 2008, the last two major investment banks in the United States, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs, both confirmed that they would become traditional bank holding companies, bringing an end to the era of investment banking on Wall Street.  The Federal Reserve's approval of their bid to become banks ended the ascendancy of the securities firms, 75 years after Congress separated them from deposit-taking lenders, and capped weeks of chaos that sent Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. into bankruptcy and led to the rushed sale of Merrill Lynch & Co. to Bank of America Corp. [12][13]

In March 2009 it was reported that in 2008, Goldman Sachs, alongside other major US and international financial institutions, had received billions of dollars during the unwind of insurance arrangements purchased from AIG, including $12.9bn from funds provided by the US Federal Reserve to bail out AIG。

Corporate affairs
As of 2006[update], Goldman Sachs employed 23,467 people worldwide. It reported earnings of US$9.34 billion and record earnings per share of $19.69. It was reported that the average total compensation per employee in 2006 was US$622,000. However, this number represents the arithmetic mean of total compensation and is highly skewed upwards as several hundred of the top earners command the majority of the Bonus Pools, leaving the median that most employees earn well below this number.In Business Week's recent release of the Best Places to Launch a Career 2008, Goldman Sachs was ranked #4 out of 119 total companies on the list. The current Chief Executive Officer is Lloyd C. Blankfein. The company ranks #1 in Annual Net Income when compared with 86 peers in the Investment Services sector. Blankfein earned a $67.9 million bonus in his first year. He chose to receive "some" cash unlike present United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson, his predecessor who chose to take his bonus entirely in company stock.

Recently Goldman Sachs has been increasingly involved in both advising and brokering deals to privatize major highways by selling them off to foreign investors. In addition to advising Indiana on the Toll Road deal, Goldman Sachs has worked with Texas governor Rick Perry's administration on privatization projects, and according to John Schmidt, the former adviser to the Chicago mayor's office, it was a Goldman Sachs representative who first pitched the city on the idea of leasing out the Skyway. Goldman Sachs has played a major role in advising states on how to structure privatization deals—even while positioning itself to invest in the toll road market. Conflicts of interest in such transactions are difficult to quantify.

Goldman Sachs is divided into three businesses.

Investment banking
Investment Banking is divided into two divisions and includes Financial Advisory (mergers and acquisitions, investitures, corporate defense activities, restructurings and spin-offs) and Underwriting (public offerings and private placements of equity, equity-related and debt instruments). Goldman Sachs is one of the leading investment banks, appearing in league tables. In mergers and acquisitions, it gained fame historically by advising clients on how to avoid hostile takeovers, moves generally viewed as unfriendly to shareholders of targeted companies. Goldman Sachs, for a long time during the 1980s, was the only major investment bank with a strict policy against helping to initiate a hostile takeover, which increased Goldman's reputation immensely among sitting management teams at the time. The investment banking segment accounts for around 17 percent of Goldman Sachs' revenues

Trading & Principal Investments
Trading and Principal Investments is the largest of the three segments, and is the company's profit center.[23] The segment is divided into three divisions and includes Fixed Income, Currency and Commodities (trading in interest rate and credit products, mortgage-backed securities and loans, currencies and commodities, structured and derivative products), Equities (trading in equities, equity-related products, equity derivatives, structured products and executing client trades in equities, options, and Futures contracts on world markets), and Principal Investments (merchant banking investments and funds). This segment consists of the revenues and profit gained from the Bank's trading activities, both on behalf of its clients (known as flow trading) and for its own account (known as proprietary trading).

Most trading done by Goldman is not speculative, but rather an attempt to profit from bid-ask spreads in the process of acting as a market maker. Around 68 percent of Goldman's revenues and profits are derived from this area. Upon its IPO, Goldman predicted that this segment would not grow as fast as its Investment Banking division and would be responsible for a shrinking proportion of earnings. The opposite has been true however, resulting in Lloyd Blankfein's appointment to President and Chief Operating Officer after John Thain's departure to run the NYSE and John L. Thornton's departure for an academic position in China.

Asset management and securities services
Asset Management and Securities Services is a rapidly growing business for Goldman as it gains market share.[citation needed] It is separated into two divisions, and includes Asset Management, which provides large institutions and very wealthy individuals with investment advisory, financial planning services (Private Wealth Management & AYCO), and the management of mutual funds, as well as the so-called alternative investments (hedge funds, funds of funds, infrastructure funds, real estate funds, and private equity funds). The Securities Services division provides prime brokerage, financing services, and securities lending to mutual funds, hedge funds, pension funds, foundations, and High net worth individuals. This segment accounts for around 19 percent of Goldman's earnings[citation needed].

David Blood is the former CEO of Goldman Sachs Asset Management.

In 2006, the Goldman Sachs Asset Management hedge fund was the largest in the United States with $29.5 billion under management. As of 2007[update], the fund was valued at $32.5 billion, the second-largest fund hedge fund after competitor JP Morgan's $33.1 billion fund.

In August 2007, it emerged that Goldman had to spend $2 billion to rescue its own Global Equity Opportunities hedge fund from "significant market dislocation".

GS Capital Partners
Main article: Goldman Sachs Capital Partners
GS Capital Partners is the private equity arm of Goldman Sachs. It has invested over $17 billion in the 20 years from 1986 to 2006. One of the most prominent funds is the GS Capital Partners V fund, which comprises over $8.5 billion of equity. On April 23, 2007, Goldman closed GS Capital Partners VI with $20 billion in committed capital, $11 billion from qualified institutional and high net worth clients and $9 billion from the firm and its employees. GS Capital Partners VI is the current primary investment vehicle for Goldman Sachs to make large, privately negotiated equity investments.

History

1869 - 1930
Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869 by German Jewish immigrant Marcus Goldman. In 1882, Goldman's son-in-law Samuel Sachs joined the firm which prompted the name change to Goldman Sachs. The company made a name for itself pioneering the use of commercial paper for entrepreneurs and was invited to join the New York Stock Exchange in 1896.

In the early 20th century, Goldman was a player in establishing the initial public offering market. It managed one of the largest IPOs to date, that of Sears, Roebuck and Company in 1906. It also became one of the first companies to heavily recruit those with MBA degrees from leading business schools, a practice that still continues today.[citation needed]

On December 4, 1928, it launched the Goldman Sachs Trading Corp. a closed-end fund with characteristics similar to that of a Ponzi scheme. The fund failed as a result of the Stock Market Crash of 1929, hurting the firm's reputation for several years afterward.For this case and others like Blue Ridge Corporation and Shenandoah Corporation John Kenneth Galbraith wrote: The Autumn of 1929 was, perhaps, the first occasion when men succeeded on a large scale in swindling themselves. [10]

1930 - 1980
In 1930, Sidney Weinberg assumed the role of senior partner and shifted Goldman's focus away from trading and towards investment banking. It was Weinberg's actions that helped to restore some of Goldman's tarnished reputation. On the back of Weinberg, Goldman was lead advisor on the Ford Motor Company's IPO in 1956, which at the time was a major coup on Wall Street. Under Weinberg's reign the firm also started an investment research division and a municipal bond department. It also was at this time that the firm became an early innovator in risk arbitrage.

Gus Levy joined the firm in the 1950s as a securities trader, which started a trend at Goldman where there would be two powers generally vying for supremacy, one from investment banking and one from securities trading. For most of the 1950s and 1960's, this would be Weinberg and Levy. Levy was a pioneer in block trading and the firm established this trend under his guidance. Due to Weinberg's heavy influence at the firm, it formed an investment banking division in 1956 in an attempt to spread around influence and not focus it all on Weinberg.

In 1969, Levy took over as Senior Partner from Weinberg, and built Goldman's trading franchise once again. It is Levy who is credited with Goldman's famous philosophy of being "long-term greedy," which implies that as long as money is made over the long term, trading losses in the short term are not to be worried about. That same year, Weinberg retired from the firm.

Another financial crisis for the firm occurred in 1970, when the Penn Central Railroad Company went bankrupt with over $80 million in commercial paper outstanding, most of it issued by Goldman Sachs. The bankruptcy was large, and the resulting lawsuits threatened the partnership capital and life of the firm. It was this bankruptcy that resulted in credit ratings being created for every issuer of commercial paper today by several credit rating services.

During the 1970s, the firm also expanded in several ways. Under the direction of Senior Partner Stanley R. Miller, it opened its first international office in London in 1970, and created a private wealth division along with a fixed income division in 1972. It also pioneered the "white knight" strategy in 1974 during its attempts to defend Electric Storage Battery against a hostile takeover bid from International Nickel and Goldman's rival Morgan Stanley. This action would boost the firm's reputation as an investment advisor because it pledged to no longer participate in hostile takeovers.

John Weinberg (the son of Sidney Weinberg), and John C. Whitehead assumed roles of co-senior partners in 1976, once again emphasizing the co-leadership at the firm. One of their initiatives was the establishment of the 14 business principles that are still used to this day.

1980 - 1999
In the 1980s, the firm made a move by acquiring J. Aron & Company, a commodities trading firm which merged with the Fixed Income division to become known as Fixed Income, Currencies, and Commodities. J. Aron was a player in the coffee and gold markets, and the current CEO of Goldman, Lloyd Blankfein, joined the firm as a result of this merger. In 1985 it underwrote the public offering of the Real Estate Investment Trust that owned Rockefeller Center, then the largest REIT offering in history. In accordance with the beginning of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the firm also became involved in facilitating the global privatization movement by advising companies that were spinning off from their parent governments.

In 1986, the firm formed Goldman Sachs Asset Management, which manages the majority of its mutual funds and hedge funds today. In the same year, the firm also underwrote the IPO of Microsoft, advised General Electric on its acquisition of RCA and joined the London and Tokyo stock exchanges. 1986 also was the year when Goldman became the first United States bank to rank in the top 10 of mergers and acquisitions in the United Kingdom. During the 1980s the firm became the first bank to distribute its investment research electronically and created the first public offering of original issue deep-discount bond.

Robert Rubin and Stephen Friedman assumed the Co-Senior Partnership in 1990 and pledged to focus on globalization of the firm and strengthening the Merger & Acquisition and Trading business lines. During their reign, the firm introduced paperless trading to the New York Stock exchange and lead-managed the first-ever global debt offering by a U.S. corporation. It also launched the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) and opened a Beijing office in 1994. It was this same year that Jon Corzine assumed leadership of the firm following the departure of Rubin and Friedman. The firm joined David Rockefeller and partners in a 50-50 join ownership of Rockefeller Center during 1994, but later sold the shares to Tishman Speyer in 2000. In 1996, Goldman was lead underwriter of the Yahoo! IPO and in 1998 it was global coordinator of the NTT DoCoMo IPO. In 1999, Henry Paulson took over as Senior Partner.

1999 - present
One of the largest events in the firm's history was its own IPO in 1999. The decision to go public was one that the partners debated for decades. In the end, Goldman decided to offer only a small portion of the company to the public, with some 48% still held by the partnership pool.[7] 22% of the company is held by non-partner employees, and 18% is held by retired Goldman partners and two longtime investors, Sumitomo Bank Ltd. and Hawaii's Kamehameha Activities Assn (the investing arm of Kamehameha Schools). This leaves approximately 12% of the company as being held by the public. With the firm's 1999 IPO, Henry Paulson became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the firm.

In 1999 Goldman acquired Hull Trading Company, one of the world's premier market-making firms, for $531 million. More recently, the firm has been busy both in investment banking and in trading activities. It purchased Spear, Leeds, & Kellogg, one of the largest specialist firms on the New York Stock Exchange, for $6.3 billion in September 2000. It also advised on a debt offering for the Government of China and the first electronic offering for the World Bank. It merged with JBWere, the Australian investment bank and opened a full-service broker-dealer in Brazil. It expanded its investments in companies to include Burger King, McJunkin Corporation, and in January 2007, Alliance Atlantis alongside CanWest Global Communications to own sole broadcast rights to the CSI franchise. The firm is also heavily involved in energy trading, including the oil speculation market, on both a principal and agent basis.

Its sizable profits made during the 2007 Subprime mortgage financial crisis led the New York Times to proclaim that Goldman Sachs is without peer in the world of finance. The firm's viability was later called into question as the crisis intensified in September 2008.

In May 2006, Henry Paulson left the firm to serve as U.S. Treasury Secretary, and Lloyd Blankfein was promoted to Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Former Goldman employees head the New York Stock Exchange, the World Bank, the U.S. Treasury Department, the White House staff, and firms such as Citigroup and Merrill Lynch.

In January 2007, Goldman Sachs acquired the Entertainment and Production sector of Canadian film/television company Alliance Atlantis, as well as the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation franchise. Distribution rights went to CBS.

On September 21, 2008, Goldman Sachs received Federal Reserve approval to transition from an investment bank to a bank holding company.

On September 22, 2008, the last two major investment banks in the United States, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs, both confirmed that they would become traditional bank holding companies, bringing an end to the era of investment banking on Wall Street. The Federal Reserve's approval of their bid to become banks ended the ascendancy of the securities firms, 75 years after Congress separated them from deposit-taking lenders, and capped weeks of chaos that sent Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. into bankruptcy and led to the rushed sale of Merrill Lynch & Co. to Bank of America Corp. [12][13]

In March 2009 it was reported that in 2008, Goldman Sachs, alongside other major US and international financial institutions, had received billions of dollars during the unwind of insurance arrangements purchased from AIG, including $12.9bn from funds provided by the US Federal Reserve to bail out AIG.[14][15]

Corporate affairs
Goldman Sachs Tower in Jersey CityAs of 2006[update], Goldman Sachs employed 23,467 people worldwide. It reported earnings of US$9.34 billion and record earnings per share of $19.69. It was reported that the average total compensation per employee in 2006 was US$622,000. However, this number represents the arithmetic mean of total compensation and is highly skewed upwards as several hundred of the top earners command the majority of the Bonus Pools, leaving the median that most employees earn well below this number.In Business Week's recent release of the Best Places to Launch a Career 2008, Goldman Sachs was ranked #4 out of 119 total companies on the list.  The current Chief Executive Officer is Lloyd C. Blankfein. The company ranks #1 in Annual Net Income when compared with 86 peers in the Investment Services sector. Blankfein earned a $67.9 million bonus in his first year. He chose to receive "some" cash unlike present United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson, his predecessor who chose to take his bonus entirely in company stock.

Recently Goldman Sachs has been increasingly involved in both advising and brokering deals to privatize major highways by selling them off to foreign investors. In addition to advising Indiana on the Toll Road deal, Goldman Sachs has worked with Texas governor Rick Perry's administration on privatization projects, and according to John Schmidt, the former adviser to the Chicago mayor's office, it was a Goldman Sachs representative who first pitched the city on the idea of leasing out the Skyway. Goldman Sachs has played a major role in advising states on how to structure privatization deals—even while positioning itself to invest in the toll road market. Conflicts of interest in such transactions are difficult to quantify.

Goldman Sachs is divided into three businesses.

Investment banking
Investment Banking is divided into two divisions and includes Financial Advisory (mergers and acquisitions, investitures, corporate defense activities, restructurings and spin-offs) and Underwriting (public offerings and private placements of equity, equity-related and debt instruments). Goldman Sachs is one of the leading investment banks, appearing in league tables. In mergers and acquisitions, it gained fame historically by advising clients on how to avoid hostile takeovers, moves generally viewed as unfriendly to shareholders of targeted companies. Goldman Sachs, for a long time during the 1980s, was the only major investment bank with a strict policy against helping to initiate a hostile takeover, which increased Goldman's reputation immensely among sitting management teams at the time. The investment banking segment accounts for around 17 percent of Goldman Sachs' revenues.[22]

Trading & Principal Investments
Trading and Principal Investments is the largest of the three segments, and is the company's profit center. The segment is divided into three divisions and includes Fixed Income, Currency and Commodities (trading in interest rate and credit products, mortgage-backed securities and loans, currencies and commodities, structured and derivative products), Equities (trading in equities, equity-related products, equity derivatives, structured products and executing client trades in equities, options, and Futures contracts on world markets), and Principal Investments (merchant banking investments and funds). This segment consists of the revenues and profit gained from the Bank's trading activities, both on behalf of its clients (known as flow trading) and for its own account (known as proprietary trading).

Most trading done by Goldman is not speculative, but rather an attempt to profit from bid-ask spreads in the process of acting as a market maker. Around 68 percent of Goldman's revenues and profits are derived from this area.[23] Upon its IPO, Goldman predicted that this segment would not grow as fast as its Investment Banking division and would be responsible for a shrinking proportion of earnings. The opposite has been true however, resulting in Lloyd Blankfein's appointment to President and Chief Operating Officer after John Thain's departure to run the NYSE and John L. Thornton's departure for an academic position in China.
Asset management and securities services
Asset Management and Securities Services is a rapidly growing business for Goldman as it gains market share.[citation needed] It is separated into two divisions, and includes Asset Management, which provides large institutions and very wealthy individuals with investment advisory, financial planning services (Private Wealth Management & AYCO), and the management of mutual funds, as well as the so-called alternative investments (hedge funds, funds of funds, infrastructure funds, real estate funds, and private equity funds). The Securities Services division provides prime brokerage, financing services, and securities lending to mutual funds, hedge funds, pension funds, foundations, and High net worth individuals. This segment accounts for around 19 percent of Goldman's earnings[citation needed].

David Blood is the former CEO of Goldman Sachs Asset Management.

In 2006, the Goldman Sachs Asset Management hedge fund was the largest in the United States with $29.5 billion under management. As of 2007[update], the fund was valued at $32.5 billion, the second-largest fund hedge fund after competitor JP Morgan's $33.1 billion fund.

In August 2007, it emerged that Goldman had to spend $2 billion to rescue its own Global Equity Opportunities hedge fund from "significant market dislocation".

GS Capital Partners
Main article: Goldman Sachs Capital Partners
GS Capital Partners is the private equity arm of Goldman Sachs. It has invested over $17 billion in the 20 years from 1986 to 2006. One of the most prominent funds is the GS Capital Partners V fund, which comprises over $8.5 billion of equity.On April 23, 2007, Goldman closed GS Capital Partners VI with $20 billion in committed capital, $11 billion from qualified institutional and high net worth clients and $9 billion from the firm and its employees. GS Capital Partners VI is the current primary investment vehicle for Goldman Sachs to make large, privately negotiated equity investments.

高盛集团

　美国联邦储备委员会在2008年9月21日晚间宣布，已批准了高盛和摩根士丹利提出的转为银行控股公司的请求。而高盛和大摩的转型，意味着“长久以来世人熟知的华尔街的终结”。[1]

　　2008年09月24日沃伦·巴菲特(Warren Buffett)旗下的Berkshire Hathaway宣布，计划对高盛集团(Goldman Sachs Group Inc.)投资50亿美元。[2]

　　高盛集团（Goldman Sachs），一家国际领先的投资银行和证券公司，向全球提供广泛的投资、咨询和金融服务，拥有大量的多行业客户，包括私营公司，金融企业，政府机构以及个人。

　　高盛集团成立于1869年，是全世界历史最悠久及规模最大的投资银行之一，总部设在纽约，并在东京、伦敦和香港设有分部，在23个国家拥有41个办事处。其所有运作都建立于紧密一体的全球基础上，由优秀的专家为客户提供服务。高盛集团同时拥有丰富的地区市场知识和国际运作能力。随着全球经济的发展,公司亦持续不断地发展变化以帮助客户无论在世界何地都能敏锐地发现和抓住投资的机会。

高盛集团发展历程及战略
高盛公司的创立
　　高盛公司成立于1869年，在19世纪90年代到第一次世界大战期间，投资银行业务开始形成，但与商业银行没有区分。高盛公司在此阶段最初从事商业票据交易，创业时只有一个办公人员和一个兼职记账员。创始人马可斯·戈德门每天沿街打折收购商人们的本票，然后在某个约定日期里由原出售本票的商人按票面金额支付现金，其中差额便是马可斯的收入。

　　股票包销业务使高盛成为真正的投资银行，公司从迅速膨胀到濒临倒闭

　　后来高盛增加贷款、外汇兑换及新兴的股票包销业务，规模虽小，却是已具雏形。而股票包销业务使高盛变成了真正的投资银行。

　　在1929年，高盛公司还是一个很保守的家族企业，当时公司领袖威迪奥·凯琴斯想把高盛公司由单一的票据业务发展成一个全面的投资银行。他做的第一步就是引入股票业务，成立了高盛股票交易公司，在他狂热的推动下，高盛以每日成立一家信托投资公司的速度，进入并迅速扩张类似今天互助基金的业务，股票发行量短期膨胀1亿美元。公司一度发展得非常快，股票由每股几美元，快速涨到100多美元，最后涨到了200多美元。但是好景不长，1929年的全球金融危机，华尔街股市大崩盘，使得股价一落千丈，跌到一块多钱，使公司损失了92%的原始投资，公司的声誉也在华尔街一落千丈，成为华尔街的笑柄、错误的代名词，公司濒临倒闭。这之后，继任者西德尼·文伯格一直保持着保守、稳健的经营作风，用了整整30年，使遭受“金融危机”惨败的高盛恢复了元气。60年代，增加大宗股票交易更是带来的新的增长。

　　反恶意收购业务使高盛真正成为投资银行界的世界级“选手”。

　　70年代，高盛抓住一个大商机，从而在投资银行界异军突起。当时资本市场上兴起“恶意收购”，恶意收购的出现使投资行业彻底打破了传统的格局，催发了新的行业秩序。高盛率先打出“反收购顾问”的旗帜，帮助那些遭受恶意收购的公司请来友好竞价者参与竞价、抬高收购价格或采取反托拉斯诉讼，用以狙击恶意收购者。高盛一下子成了遭受恶意收购者的天使。

　　1976年，在高盛的高级合伙人莱文去世后，公司管理委员会决定由文伯格和怀特黑特两人共同作为高盛产业的继承者。刚开始，华尔街的人们都怀疑这种两人共掌大权的领导结构会引发公司内部的混乱，很快他们发现他们错了，因为两位新人配合默契，高盛也由此迈进了世界最顶尖级的投资银行的行列。

　　文伯格和怀特黑特早就认为公司管理混乱，表现为责权界定不清晰，缺乏纪律约束，支出费用巨大。比如多年来，每天下午4：30，都会有一辆高级轿车专门负责接送合伙人。新领导人上任的第一把火就是贴出了一条简明的公告：“历史上遗留下来的惯例——4：30由轿车接送——将不再继续，即日生效。” 自此以后，合伙人的等级特权将不复存在，费用支出也受到监控，每天下午4：30也不再是一天工作的终结，而是下午工作的中段时间。尽管起步缓慢，文伯格和怀特黑特公司在70年代和80年代初期所取得的成功在很大程度上应归功于兼并和收购业务的发展。以前，一家公司如果有意向收购另一家公司，它很可能会尽量吸引或说服对方同意，绝不会公开地强行兼并。但到了70年代，一向文明规范的投资银行业在突然间走到了尽头，一些主要的美国公司和投资银行抛弃了这个行业传统。1974年7月投资银行界信誉最好的摩根斯坦利首先参与了恶意收购活动。当时摩根斯坦利代表其加拿大客户国际镍铬公司（INCO）参与了企图恶意收购当时世界最大的电池制造商电储电池公司（ESB）的行动。ESB在得知摩根斯坦利的敌对意图后，打电话给当时掌管高盛公司兼并收购部的弗里曼德，请求帮忙。第二天上午9点，弗里曼德便坐在位于费城的ESB公司老板的办公室。

　　当他得知竞购价格是每股20美元（比上一个交易日上涨9美元）时，建议ESB用“白衣骑士”（受恶意收购的公司请来友好的竞价者参与竞价，以抬高收购价格）的办法对付INCO，或进行反托拉斯诉讼，在高盛公司和“白衣骑士”联合飞机制造公司的协助下，INCO最终付出了41美元的高价，ESB 的股东们手中的股票则上涨了100％。从这件事开始，在一次又一次的收购与反收购斗争中，首先是摩根斯坦利，然后是第一波士顿都充当了收购者的角色，而高盛公司则是反恶意收购的支柱。

　　INCO和ESB之间的斗争给了高盛公司在这一方面成功的经验。同时也是好运来临的良好征兆。人们认为高盛公司是具备实力的，呈上升状态的和小型、中型公司以及进入《财富》500强的大公司并肩战斗的企业。因为突然之间，美国各公司的首席执行官们对恶意并购恐惧到了极点，除了一些最大的公司，其他公司都觉得难以抵挡恶意并购，于是高盛成为了他们的合作伙伴。当然，刚开始的一段时间里，高盛经常要几度登门拜访，对方才愿意接受高盛的服务。 1976年7月，阿兹克石油公司受到了敌对性攻击，但是他们对高盛的服务丝毫不感兴趣，他们请来了律师，并初步控制了事态。弗里德曼建议重新考虑一下自已的决定，并告诉对方高盛的工作小组正在前往机场的路上，几个小时以后就可以和他们进行私下协商。弗里德曼后来说：“我们火速赶到机场，直飞达拉斯，但对方仍然不愿会见我们，于是我们就在他们公司附近住了下来，然后进去告诉对方一些他们没有考虑透彻的事情，但是得到的回答是‘我们不需要你们的服务’。我们说：‘明天我们还会回来’。以后我们每天到附近的商店买一些东西，让他们知道我们坚持留下来等待消息。”最后阿兹合克公司认识到了问题的严重性，也感到了高盛公司的执着精神，同意高盛公司为其提供服务。

　　参与恶意并购使摩根斯坦利获得了破纪录的收入，但是高盛公司采取了与其截然不同的政策，拒绝为恶意收购者提供服务，相反，高盛会保护受害者。许多同行竞争对手认为高盛这一举动是伪善行为，目的是引人注目以及笼络人心，而高盛却认为他们是公司对自己和客户的长期利益负责。反恶意收购业务给高盛投资银行部带来的好处是难以估量的。在1966年并购部门的业务收入是60万美元，到了1980年并购部门的收入已升至大约9000万美元。1989年，并购部门的年收入是3.5亿美元，仅仅8年之后，这一指标再度上升至10亿美元。高盛由此真正成为投资银行界的世界级“选手”。

　　高盛公司推陈出新，把“先起一步”与“率先模仿”作为自己的重要发展战略。

　　1981年，高盛公司收购J·阿朗公司，进入外汇交易、咖啡交易、贵金属交易的新领域，标志着高盛多元化开始，超越传统的投资银行代理、顾问范围，有了固定收入。到1989年高盛公司7.5亿美元的总利润中，阿朗公司贡献了30%。

　　90年代，高盛高层意识到只靠做代理人和咨询顾问，公司不会持久繁荣。于是他们又开设资本投资业务，成立GS资本合作投资基金，依靠股权包销、债券包销或公司自身基金，进行5年至7年的长期投资，然后出售获利。高盛在1994年投资13.5亿美元换取一家从事服装业的拉夫·劳伦公司28%的股份，并自派总裁。三年后，出售其中6%的股份套现到4.87亿美元。其余股份升值到53亿多美元。短短三年内，高盛的资本投资收入翻了近10番，而老业务投资银行部只翻了两番。

　　投资银行业与其他产业一样，一项业务创新并敢冒风险，能使一家公司一夜成名，一夜暴富。首推垃圾债券使德雷塞尔公司迅速发迹，而抵押证券市场的发展和大量家庭贷款的打包及转信业务的出现，使罗门兄弟公司获得了前所未有的发展机遇。高盛公司尝到推陈出新的甜头后，把“先起一步”与“率先模仿”作为自己的重要发展战略。高盛的公开发行风波

　　华尔街最后一家大型合伙人公司股票公开发行的搁浅，给我们一次难得的机会去洞悉盈利颇丰又十分神秘的高盛世界。

　　一、公开发行的夭折使高盛元气大伤。

　　1998年10月19日的下午，高盛189位合伙人聚首在公司纽约总部举行神圣的仪式----两年一度的华尔街最高成就：高盛合伙人授勋典礼。今年的聚会也许是高盛129年历史中最奇特的，这是因为：该年的聚会本不该举行。两个月前，已不会再有人能成为高盛合伙人----因为高盛本打算近期公开发行，这意味着有50至60位本来即将任命的合伙人，相反却仅成为另一家新公司的薪禄不菲的雇员。

　　 但是6月份由合伙人表决同意的高盛首次公开发行，于9月末搁浅，并正式“撤回”。此项首次公开发行，本应成为牛蹄声声90年代的里程碑，却不幸沦为席卷全球的金融风暴的牺牲品。高盛推迟发行是由于一旦股市下跌（华尔街大型证券公司的股价下跌更大），股价就不再具有吸引力了。若如以往所料，高盛股价在4倍帐面值左右，那么公开发行会将高盛定价为280亿美元。9月之后，高盛股票仅较帐面值有少许溢价，将公司估价为70亿美元，远远达不到将公司财富分配给合伙人、有限合伙人及其他员工的公开发行的目的。

　　 据公司的行政总裁柯赛和保罗森说，推迟首次公开发行是实用主义的决定。柯赛说：“适当的时候我们会重新考虑公开发行，但目前我们只能往前走。”但据高盛的合伙人、员工、客户及华尔街人士透露，高盛就公开发行而进行的大辩论及发行的夭折，对公司是一次沉重的打击。它使高盛的资本结构及业务组合曝光并公诸于众。它挑起了公司一般合伙人和有限合伙人的矛盾，并证实了华尔街上盛传的谣言----高盛投资银行家与交易员的竞争关系及两位行政总裁柯赛和保罗森之间的不和。

　　二、公开发行的最初目的。

　　高盛公开发行的正式原因之一是“使资本结构与公司使命相契合”。但不可否认，许多合伙人，尤其年轻人，与其说是关心高盛的未来，不如说更关心自己资本帐户上储蓄的惊人数目。资本的问题依然存在。实际上，高盛的股本基础比摩根士丹利及美林都小（1998年中期为66亿，摩根士丹利为138亿，美林为117亿）。但目前的行政总裁柯赛和前行政总裁怀特德都说较少的资本只会使公司能更好地决策，竞争对手也认为高盛并没有由于资本缺乏而受到限制。 DLJ证券公司的行政总裁莱比说：“我希望能找到由于资本不足而使高盛不利的业务。”

　　实际上，问题不在于高盛资本的数额，而在于资本结构和资本的稳定性。当合伙人变为有限合伙人，他们可以抽回资本；若大批的合伙人变为有限合伙人，可撤回大量资本。这就是为什么1994年是公司十分可怕的恶梦的原因。当时债券市场的波动损毁了高盛的盈利，合伙人纷纷逃之夭夭。 (而公开发行的主要倡导者柯赛，于1994年成为行政总裁，并不是巧合)。目前对于这方面的限制更为严厉：当合伙人变为有限合伙人时，他们仅仅能撤走一部分资本，其余的可在至少5年后撤回。但资本还是可以逃离。

　　另一问题是高盛资本的成本。有两家外部机构，日本的住友银行和夏威夷的毕舍普地产公司，在高盛投资了相当大的数目----1998年中期为 15亿美元，占总资本的23%。由于高盛税前利润的一大部分为这些外部股东占有，因此很难从留存收益中扩大资本，尤其是当股市不好时。以帐面值几倍的价格公开发行筹集的股本本应使高盛能以更低成本建立股本基础。”　

　　三、公开发行所暴露出的高盛的弱点：

　　1、业务组合过分依赖交易运作，导致盈利不稳定。

　　甚至连高盛为准备公开发行而进行的最小限度的财务披露，也能揭示出高盛的业务组合并不理想。有一些报表甚至显示出高盛比任何人想象的更加脆弱。在华尔街最能赢利的收购兼并业务方面，高盛一直比主要的对手盈利强。去年摩根士丹利、美林和高盛做的项目金额几乎相同，但高盛比美林的盈利多50%，比摩根多30%。但令人担心的是高盛的收入组合比对手更不稳定，因为它更依赖交易运作。1998年前两季度中，高盛43%的收入来自交易，美林为23%，摩根士丹利为28%。年中，高盛的总资产是公司股权的36倍，比对手负债率高。如果将高盛比作一家钢厂的话，若以100%的生产能力计，可赚大笔钱；若以 60%的生产能力计，就会亏大笔钱。这些事实使华尔街人士将高盛比作对冲基金。因此，一些人认为高盛可能不得不将其公开发行定价为较摩根士丹利和美林的低，其股票可能持续以折扣价格交易。

　　高盛对交易的依赖性在1994年已成为问题，在今天仍为问题。虽然高盛最初的招股书不遗余力地指出公司的风险管理自1994年以来改进了许多，但也不可能改进到足以抵抗前几个月波及全球市场的动荡的地步。显然很少投资银行能为这样的惨淡市况作好准备。高盛和华尔街的其他投资银行一样，在最近的业绩数据报告中，体现出不利市况的影响。直至今年夏天，高盛的业绩还非常显著。净收入从1995年的45亿美元升至去年的74亿美元。税前利润（由于高盛是合伙人制，税项由合伙人支付）从14亿增至30亿。今年前两季度，收入增长50%，公司的盈利很快超过40亿美元。但目前每况愈下。在截至8月28日的季度里，税前盈利从前一季度降低27%。9月份更差，有传说公司可能损失高达9亿美元。毫无疑问，公司对于交易的依赖是高盛的利润象单摆一样波动的主要原因。

　　当然，高盛的管理层根本不必担心，因为高盛仍是私有的，它有办法淡化亏损程度。一些有限合伙人认为这是坚持私有制的主要原因。而公开发行则需要高盛放弃目前拥有的多报或少报盈利的灵活性。

　　2、资产管理业务的不足。

　　高盛业务组合中的另一弱点是其提供抵挡市场波动缓冲的资产管理业务。虽然资产管理增长很快，但却并不象其他对手那样盈利。1997年末，高盛是美林管理资产的1/3。高盛4.58亿美元的资产管理收入比摩根4亿的资产管理净收入高不了多少。

　　资产管理可能不象声势浩大的成千上万亿金额的投资银行交易那么惊心动魄和有利可图，但它能产生理论上比交易利润更稳定的以费用为基础的收入。高盛的资产管理业务起步较晚，为赢得业务而收费低廉，由于定位不明和人员流动而出师不利。1995年末，高盛只有520亿美元的资产管理，其中40%来自低费用的货币市场基金。

　　无论是公司内部还是外部，关于资产管理是“丑陋的义子”的看法正在改变。在过去的两年半中，资产增长了3倍多，高达1650亿美元，其中只有 20%是货币市场基金。更重要的是，公司的态度已改变。高盛的资产管理公司如今雇有1000名员工，而几年前仅有250人，高盛不仅向聘用的外来人才许诺他们会成为合伙人（在高盛很少有），而且高盛内部其他部门的明星也转至资产管理公司。美国金融研究公司说“高盛是呼之欲出的巨人”。但外部仍然批评高盛在营销方面远胜于投资方面，高盛要成为巨人还长路漫漫。没有公开交易的股票作为货币用来收购，通往巨人之路更加崎岖。

　　3、公司内部矛盾公诸于众。

　　公开发行的举措加剧并揭露了公司内部的分歧，并将高盛的业务前所未有地公诸于媒体。矛盾之一是公司一般合伙人---是真正的有控制权的所有者 ---及有限合伙人之间的矛盾。虽然高盛管理层喜欢用“一边倒”来形容高盛人对公开发行的支持，但这种说法可能有些过头。这一举动使高盛的一些当今合伙人和108位有限合伙人愤愤不平或持有异见。

　　有限合伙人中的异见最甚，这是出于一种根深蒂固的对于合伙制的信念及对交易条件的不满。最初，他们本将接受超过其股权帐面值25%的溢价，但一般合伙人期望得到将近300%的溢价。发行重组就如何处理有限合伙人的资本这一问题给予他们几种选择，其中之一是他们将得到目前股票股权的55%的溢价。若公开发行达到300%溢价，目前的合伙人将得到绝大部分。具有讽刺意义的是，导致发行搁浅的是当市场下跌，300%的溢价下降，乃至有限合伙人与一般合伙人的所得基本相同---甚至更多。

　　即使早在发行依然继续进行时，已有关于高盛两位行政总裁保罗森和柯赛的传言。1997年末的营运总监保罗森，本已否决公开发行但却最终同意，条件是要坐上行政总裁的交椅。甚至传言公开发行的支持者柯赛，由于公开发行搁浅而受到攻击。

　　高盛尝试的公开发行使“公平”这一词和公司中层员工的薪酬成为焦点问题。高盛并不一定给中流砥柱的初级行政官支付高额薪酬，虽然这些人埋头苦干，并为能加入合伙人以及可能有8位数收入的机会所吸引。凭借公开发行，高盛着重保证将薪酬向中下层员工倾斜。但公开发行的搁浅，令高盛高级合伙人必须马上重整合伙人制度。这可以解释为何高盛今年比1996年多吸收十几位合伙人。即便如此，更多的成千上万中层员工可能希望高盛能完成公开发行 ，并问自己高盛是否依然是唯一的理想工作。摩根的一位高级官员说摩根比以前接到更多的高盛员工寻找工作的电话。

　　高盛一贯是其他人乐于憎恨的公司，这多半是由于高盛如此出色。那么为何该公司与其他华尔街公司不同呢？高盛出众之处多半在于华尔街上广为流传却少有公司真正拥有的一种概念：即公司文化。自新聘员工步入曼哈顿下区布罗德大街 85号那一刻起，高盛的优越及其对手的平庸即给人以刻骨铭心的印象。高盛警诫新员工永不能让公司蒙辱或出现在媒体中。他们一天工作14、16、18小时，明显是为了获得加入合伙人这诱人的独一无二的奖赏而奋斗。

　　首要问题依然存在。第一：高盛没有进行公开发行，是否错过了黄金机会，抑或幸免于难？也许答案是后者。若去年春天它出售股票，其股价现在会大大低于发行价---这对于华尔街的头号公司来说是耻辱的开端。其实，许多合伙人认为公司躲过了子弹。另一问题：高盛在不远的将来是否会上市？公司高层依然坚持发行上市的路线。但许多其他人，包括长期的华尔街人士以及现在和以前的合伙人，都认为不可能。目前不仅有一大群新的合伙人----星期一会议后有 25%的新合伙人-----需要被说服，但公开发行搁浅后，那些上次投“赞成”票的人会重新考虑。华尔街极度投机的最近一轮之后，可能需要新的一批投资者再次相信这些股票会卖成4倍帐面值。

高盛在中国
高盛中国简介
　　高盛长期以来视中国为重要市场，自二十世纪九十年代初开始就把中国作为全球业务发展的重点地区。

　　高盛1984年在香港设亚太地区总部，又于1994年分别在北京和上海开设代表处，正式进驻中国内地市场。此后，高盛在中国逐步建立起强大的国际投资银行业务分支机构，向中国政府和国内占据行业领导地位的大型企业提供全方位的金融服务。高盛也是第一家获得上海证券交易所B股交易许可的外资投资银行，及首批获得QFII资格的外资机构之一。

　　高盛在中国的股票和债务资本市场中已经建立起非常强大的业务网络，并在中国进入国际资本市场以及参与国际资本市场交易的过程中发挥了积极的作用。在过去的十年中，高盛一直在帮助中资公司海外股票发售中占据领导地位，其中具有里程碑意义的交易包括：中国移动通信于1997年进行的首次公开招股发售，筹资40亿美元，成为亚洲地区(除日本外)规模最大的民营化项目之一；中国石油于2000年3月进行的首次公开招股发售，筹资29亿美元；中国银行(香港)于2002年7月进行的首次公开招股发售，筹资26.7亿美元；平安保险于2004年进行的首次公开招股发售，筹资18.4亿美元；中兴通讯于同年进行的香港首次公开招股发售，筹资4亿美元，这是第一家在香港上市的A股公司；中国交通银行于2005年进行的海外上市项目，筹资22亿美元，成为第一个在海外上市的中国国有银行；以及中国石油于同年进行的后续股票发售，筹资27亿美元。2006年，高盛还成功完成了中海油价值19.8亿美元快速建档发行项目以及中国银行111.9亿美元H股首次公开上市项目。这是至发售日中国最大以及全球第四大的首次公开上市项目。

　　在债务融资方面，高盛在中国牵头经办了40多项大型的债务发售交易。高盛多次在中国政府的大型全球债务发售交易中担任顾问及主承销商，分别于1998年、2001年、2003年和2004年10月完成了10 亿美元以上的大型交易。高盛是唯一一家作为主承销商全程参与中国政府每次主权美元债务海外发售项目的国际投行。

　　与在世界其他地区一样，高盛在中国市场同样担当着首选金融顾问的角色，通过其全球网络向客户提供策略顾问服务和广泛的业务支持。近年来，高盛作为金融顾问多次参与在中国的重大并购案，如日产向东风汽车投资10亿美元；戴姆勒-克莱斯勒向北汽投资11亿美元；TCL与汤姆逊成立中国合资企业；汇丰银行收购中国交通银行20％股权；联想收购IBM个人电脑部；中国石油收购哈萨克斯坦石油公司以及中海油收购在尼日利亚的石油资产等等。

　　2004年12月，高盛获得中国证监会批准成立合资公司—高盛高华证券有限责任公司。合资公司的成立是高盛在中国发展的又一个里程碑。高盛拥有合资公司33％股权，北京高华证券有限责任公司拥有67％股权。合资公司的成立令高盛从此可以在中国开展本土A股上市业务，人民币企业债券，可转换债券和提供国内金融顾问以及其他相关服务。

高盛在中国的里程碑
　　1994年

高盛在北京和上海设立代表处。
高盛成为第一家获准在上海证券交易所交易中国B股股票的外国投资银行。
高盛对中国第二大寿险公司及最大的产险公司中国平安保险公司进行了首次自营资金投资，投资金额为3,500万美元。高盛目前持有平安6.8%的股份。
　　1997年

高盛担任中国移动40亿美元首次公开上市的主承销商，这是除日本外亚洲地区最大的民营化项目之一，也是中国电信行业第一个民营化项目。该项目在亚洲金融危机期间仍然实现了成功的定价。
高盛担任中国南方航空公司价值7.2亿美元里程碑式H股首次公开上市项目的主承销商，这是中国航空业第一个大型民营化项目。
高盛担任中国财政部价值5亿美元全球债券发行的副主承销商。
　　1998年

高盛担任中华人民共和国价值10亿美元主权债券发行的主承销商。
　　1999年

高盛开始担任广东省政府的财务重组顾问，对粤海企业有限公司进行债务重组。
高盛担任中国移动价值20亿美元二次股票发行项目的主承销商。
　　2000年

高盛前任董事长兼首席执行官亨利·鲍尔森成为北京清华大学经济管理学院顾问委员会首任主席。
高盛担任中国石油29亿美元首次公开上市的主承销商。该项目定价期间正值新经济泡沫的顶峰及政治高度敏感的时期，但这是中国石油天然气行业第一个成功的民营化项目。
在广东国际信托投资公司倒闭触发的潜在信贷危机期间，高盛完成了粤海企业有限公司50亿美元的债务重组项目。这是中国国企历史上第一个债务重组项目。随后，高盛对粤海投资2,000万美元。
高盛担任中国移动创纪录的价值72亿美元后续/可转债发行项目的联席全球协调人，这是除日本外亚洲地区规模最大的股票发行项目。
　　2001年

高盛在中国又投资了两个项目，一个是收购了中国第三大综合固线电信服务公司中国网络通信集团(中国网通)价值6,000万美元的股份，另一个是收购了中国第一个独立8英寸半导体晶圆企业中芯国际集成电路制造有限公司(中芯国际)价值5,000万美元的股份。高盛目前持有中国网通 2.4%及中芯国际4.0%的股份。
高盛担任中华人民共和国主权债券发行的主承销商，再次融资10亿美元。
　　2002年

高盛担任中国银行(香港)26.7亿美元首次公开上市的主承销商，这是中国金融服务行业的第一个民营化项目。
高盛担任日本日产汽车对东风汽车10亿美元收购项目的财务顾问。
高盛担任中国移动(香港)对中国八个省移动通信公司价值102亿美元的收购及7.5亿美元私募项目的财务顾问。
　　2003年

高盛与华融资产管理公司成立合资公司并资助该合资公司收购了价值19亿元人民币的不良贷款及地产资产组合。该合资公司是第一个正式注册并得到政府批准成立的中外合资资产管理公司。
在中国刚刚摆脱非典影响并即将进行最新一次全球主权债券发行之前，作为中国政府的评级顾问，高盛帮助中国提升了信用评级：穆迪公司将中国的主权信用评级由A3提升至A2。
高盛担任中华人民共和国第三次主权债券发行美元部分的主承销商，成为自1998年以来唯一一家三次均担任中国政府主权债券发行主承销商的国际银行。
高盛成为第一批获得中国政府发放的合格境外机构投资者执照的金融机构，投资额度为5,000万美元。
高盛担任戴姆勒克莱斯勒公司对北汽控股11亿美元投资项目的财务顾问，该项目将在中国生产奔驰轿车和卡车。
高盛在诺基亚将四个合资企业整合为一个公司的项目中担任财务顾问，该项目使新公司成为中国规模最大的外商投资企业。
　　2004年

2004年，高盛成为领导中国公司在国际市场上市首屈一指的承销商，具体项目包括：网络游戏公司盛大价值1.69亿美元的首次公开上市；即时通讯公司腾讯价值1.8亿美元的上市；平安保险价值18.4亿美元的上市；中国网通价值13.1亿美元的上市；中兴通讯价值4.53亿美元的上市；中国石油价值16.8亿美元及中国石化价值7.42亿美元的股份配售。
高盛成功完成中国进出口银行7.5亿美元，中国工商银行(亚洲)4亿美元，国家开发银行10亿美元以及中华人民共和国5亿美元的全球债券配售。
高盛担任汤姆逊与TCL成立中国合资企业项目的财务顾问。
高盛在中国第五大银行交通银行向香港上海汇丰银行战略性地出售20%的股份项目中担任财务顾问。
高盛担任联想集团收购IBM全球个人电脑业务项目的财务顾问。
2004年12月，高盛获得中国证监会批准成立合资公司－高盛高华证券有限责任公司。高盛拥有合资公司33％股权，北京高华证券有限责任公司拥有67％股权。
　　2005年

高盛担任交通银行价值21.6亿美元H股首次公开上市项目的联席全球协调人，这是第一个中国国有银行在海外上市的项目。
高盛担任中化公司价值2.47亿美元后门上市项目的主承销商。此项目的结构分三个部分，所以极其复杂但又非常具有创意。
高盛担任中国石油价值27.2亿美元后续股票发售的主承销商，该项目是至发售日除日本外亚洲地区最大的快速建档发行案。
高盛再次成功完成国家开发银行价值10亿美元的全球债券配售。
高盛担任中国网通收购电讯盈科20%股份项目的财务顾问。
高盛在淡马锡控股以14亿美元入股中国第三大国有银行中国建设银行的项目中担任财务顾问。
高盛在苏格兰皇家银行以16亿美元入股中国第二大国有银行中国银行的项目中担任财务顾问。
高盛担任凯雷投资集团收购中国第三大人寿保险公司中国太平洋人寿24.9%股份项目的财务顾问。
高盛加入向中国银行业自营投资的行列，同意以18亿美元入股中国第一大国有银行中国工商银行。
高盛因其资产管理业务成为第一个获得两个合格境外机构投资者执照与投资额度的金融机构。
　　2006年

高盛签订协议以37.8亿美元与安联集团及美国运通公司入股中国工商银行(一月)。
高盛担任中海油以22.7亿美元收购在尼日利亚的石油资产项目的财务顾问(一月)。
高盛担任分众传媒价值3.23亿美元在纳斯达克后续股票发售项目的全球协调人及联席账簿管理人(一月)。
高盛担任上海先进半导体价值9,600万美元在香港首次公开上市项目的联席全球协调人及联席账簿管理人(四月)。
高盛担任中海油价值19.8亿美元快速建档发行的联席账簿管理人(四月)。
高盛担任中国银行111.9亿美元H股首次公开上市项目的联席全球协调人及联席账簿管理人，这是至发售日中国最大以及全球第四大的首次公开上市项目。