Commodity Futures Trading Commission发表评论(0)编辑词条

The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is an independent agency of the United States government.

The Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), 7 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., prohibits fraudulent conduct in the trading of futures contracts. In 1974, Congress amended the Act to create a more comprehensive regulatory framework for the trading of futures contracts and created the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, replacing the Commodity Exchange Authority. The stated mission of the CFTC is to protect market users and the public from fraud, manipulation, and abusive practices related to the sale of commodity and financial futures and options, and to foster open, competitive, and financially sound futures and option markets.[3]

History
Futures contracts for agricultural commodities have been traded in the U.S. for more than 150 years and have been under Federal regulation since the 1920s.[4] In recent years, trading in futures contracts has expanded rapidly beyond traditional physical and agricultural commodities into a vast array of financial instruments, including foreign currencies, U.S. and foreign government securities, and U.S. and foreign stock indices.

Evolving mission and responsibilities
Congress created the CFTC in 1974 as an independent agency with the mandate to regulate commodity futures and option markets in the United States. The agency's mandate has been renewed and expanded several times since then, most recently in December 2000 when Congress passed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, which instructed the Securities & Exchange Commission and the CFTC to develop a joint regulatory regime for single-stock futures, and the products subsequently began trading in November 2002. Today, the CFTC assures the economic utility of the futures markets by encouraging their competitiveness and efficiency, ensuring their integrity, protecting market participants against manipulation, abusive trading practices, and fraud, and ensuring the financial integrity of the clearing process. Through effective oversight, the CFTC enables the futures markets to serve the important function of providing a means for price discovery and offsetting price risk.

From the outset, the CFTC has been plagued by limited budgets and manpower. In addition, it has faced numerous efforts by the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) to usurp its regulatory jurisdiction. For example, the current Chairperson of the SEC, Mary Schapiro, was previously Chairperson of the CFTC. When she assumed the Commission's top position, Schapiro recruited several former SEC staffers and gave them prominent roles within the agency.[citation needed] Her plan was to reshape the Commission into a mini-SEC with an eventual goal of folding the CFTC into the SEC.[citation needed] Her plan failed to bear fruit because her term in office was relatively brief. It was cut short by her decision to leave the agency for a more lucrative position with a securities self-regulatory agency.[citation needed] President Obama's effort to reorganize the regulation of entities such as hedge funds and products such as derivative contracts will provide Chairperson Schapiro with another opportunity to attempt to expand SEC jurisdiction at the expense of the CFTC.[citation needed]

 Over-the-counter derivatives
Brooksley Born and her chairmanship of the Commission from August 26, 1996, to June 1, 1999, was the focus of a October 2009 Frontline documentary titled "The Warning". It chronicles her attempts to investigate and possibly regulate the over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives market.[5] Two actions by the CFTC in 1998 led some market participants to express concerns that the CFTC might modify the "Swap Exemption" and attempt to impose new regulations on the swap market.[6] First, in a comment letter addressing the SEC's "broker-dealer lite" proposal, the CFTC stated that the SEC's proposal would create the potential for conflict with the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) to the extent that certain OTC derivative instruments fall within the ambit of the CEA and are subject to the exclusive statutory authority of the CFTC.[7]

Subsequently, the CFTC issued a concept release requesting comment on whether regulation of OTC derivatives markets is appropriate and, if so, what form such regulation should take.[8] Legislation enacted at the request of Treasury, the Federal Reserve Board, and the SEC in 1998 limited the CFTC's rulemaking authority with respect to swaps and hybrid instruments until March 30, 1999, and froze the pre-existing legal status of swap agreements and hybrid instruments entered into in reliance on the Swap Exemption, the Hybrid Instrument Rule, the Swap Policy Statement, or the Hybrid Interpretation.[9] Brooksley Born resigned on June 1, 1999, and later commented the failure of Long-Term Capital Management and the subsequent bailout as being indicative what she had been trying to prevent.[5]

Organization
[edit] The Commission
The Commission consists of five Commissioners appointed by the President to serve staggered five-year terms. The President, with the consent of the United States Senate, designates one of the Commissioners to serve as Chairman. No more than three Commissioners at any one time may be from the same political party.

 Commissioners
The five commissioners are:

Gary Gensler
Michael Dunn
Jill E. Sommers
Bart Chilton
Scott D. O'Malia
 Chairman's staff
The Chairman's staff has direct responsibility for providing information about the Commission to the public and interacting with other governmental agencies and the Congress, and for the preparation and dissemination of Commission documents. The Chairman's staff also ensures that the Commission is responsive to requests filed under the Freedom of Information Act. The Chairman's staff includes the Office of the Inspector General, which conducts audits of CFTC programs and operations, and the Office of International Affairs, which is the focal point for the Commission's global regulatory coordination efforts.

The Chairman's staff is also responsible for liaison with the public, the Congress, and the media. The Office of External Affairs (OEA) is the Commission's liaison with the domestic and foreign news media, producer and market user groups, educational and academic groups and institutions, and the general public. OEA provides timely and relevant information about the Commission's regulatory mandate, the economic role of the futures markets, new market instruments, market regulation, enforcement actions, and customer protection initiatives, actions, and issues. OEA also provides assistance to members of the media and the general public accessing the CFTC's Internet website.

The CFTC monitors markets and market participants closely by maintaining, in addition to its headquarters office in Washington, offices in cities that have futures exchanges—New York, Chicago and Kansas City.

 Major Operating Units
Division of Clearing and Intermediary Oversight
The functions of the Division of Clearing and Intermediary Oversight include oversight of derivatives clearing organizations, financial integrity of registrants, customer fund protection, stock-index margin, registration and fitness of intermediaries, sales practice reviews, National Futures Association activities related to intermediaries, and foreign market access by intermediaries.

Division of Market Oversight
The Division of Market Oversight has regulatory responsibility for initial recognition and continuing oversight of trade execution facilities, including new registered futures exchanges and derivatives transaction execution facilities. The regulatory functions of the Division include, among other things, market surveillance, trade practice reviews and investigations, rule enforcement reviews, review of product-related and market-related rule amendments, and associated product and market-related studies.

Division of Enforcement
The Division of Enforcement investigates and prosecutes alleged violations of the Commodity Exchange Act and CFTC regulations. Violations may involve commodity futures or option trading on domestic commodity exchanges, or the improper marketing of commodity investments. The Division may, at the direction of the Commission, file complaints before the agency's administrative law judges or in the U.S. District Courts. Alleged criminal violations of the Commodity Exchange Act or violations of other Federal laws which involve commodity futures trading may be referred to the Justice Department for prosecution. The Division also provides expert help and technical assistance with case development and trials to U.S. Attorneys’ Offices, other Federal and state regulators, and international authorities.

 Office of Chief Economist
The Office of the Chief Economist is an independent office with responsibility for providing expert economic advice to the Commission. Its functions include policy analysis, economic research, expert testimony, education, and training.

 Office of the General Counsel
The Office of the General Counsel (OGC) is the Commission's legal advisor. OGC staff represents the Commission in appellate litigation and certain trial-level cases, including bankruptcy proceedings which involve futures industry professionals. As the Commission’s legal advisor, OGC reviews all substantive regulatory, legislative, and administrative matters presented to it and advises the Commission on the application and interpretation of the Commodity Exchange Act and other administrative statutes. OGC also assists the Commission in performing its adjudicatory functions.

 Office of the Executive Director
The Office of the Executive Director (OED) formulates and implements the management and administrative policies and functions of the agency. OED staff formulate the agency's budget, supervise the allocation and use of agency resources, promote management controls and financial integrity, and develop and maintain the agency's automated information systems. The Office of Proceedings, which is under the administrative direction of OED, provides an inexpensive and expeditious forum for handling customer complaints against people or firms registered with NFA through its reparations program. The Office of Proceedings also hears and decides enforcement cases brought by the Commission.

It is responsible for recording and monitoring the trading of futures contracts on United States futures exchanges. The CFTC has the authority to fine, suspend, or sue the company or individual in a federal court in cases of misconduct, fraud, or if a rule breaking occurs.

The CFTC publishes weekly reports containing details of holdings for market-segments, which have 20 or more reportable participants. The reports are released every Friday (including data from the previous Tuesday) and contain data on open interest split by reportable and non-reportable open interest as well as commercial and non-commercial open interest. This type of report is referred to as the 'Commitments of Traders Report', COT-Report or simply COTR.

The CFTC is authorized to regulate commodity pools and commodity trading advisors. Many hedge funds operate as commodity pools. In an address to the Securities Industry Association in 2004, Sharon Brown-Hruska, acting director of the CFTC, said that 65 of the top 100 hedge funds in 2003 were commodity pools, and 50 out of the 100 largest hedge funds were CTAs in addition to being commodity pools.[10]

[edit] Former chairs
The United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission, consists of five commissioners appointed by the President of the United States to serve staggered five-year terms. The President, with the consent of the United States Senate, designates one of the Commissioners to serve as Chairman. No more than three Commissioners at any one time may be from the same political party. The following are the historical and current Commissioners since inception in 1974:

William T. Bagley (Chairman 4/15/75-11/15/78) 4/15/75 – 11/15/78

Read P. Dunn, Jr. 4/15/80 – 11/13/81*

Susan M. Phillips (Acting Chairman 5/28/83 – 11/16/83) (Chairman 11/17/83-7/24/87) 4/15/85 – 4/15/90 11/16/81 – 7/24/87

Wendy L. Gramm (Chairman 2/22/88-1/22/93) 4/15/85 – 4/15/90 4/15/90 – 4/15/95 2/22/88 – 1/22/93

Sheila C. Bair 4/15/90 – 4/15/95 10/5/94 – 6/16/95*

David D. Spears (Acting Chairman 6/2/99-8/10/99) 4/15/95 – 4/15/00 9/3/96 -12/20/01

Walter L. Lukken (Acting Chairman 6/27/07 -) 4/15/00 – 4/15/05 4/15/05 – 4/15/10 8/07/02 –

Gary L. Seevers (Acting Chairman 12/6/78-5/3/79) 4/15/75 – 4/15/79 4/15/75 – 6/1/79

Phillip McBride Johnson (Chairman 6/8/81-5/1/83) 4/15/79 – 4/15/84 6/6/81 – 5/1/83

Robert R. Davis 4/15/84 – 4/15/89 10/3/84 – 4/30/90

Sheila C. Bair (Acting Chairman 8/21/93-12/21/93) 4/15/89 – 4/15/94 5/2/91 – 10/4/94*

Mary L. Schapiro (Chairman 10/13/94-1/26/96) 4/15/94 – 4/15/99 10/13/94 – 1/26/96

Brooksley E. Born (Chairperson 8/26/96-6/1/99) 4/15/94 – 4/15/99 8/26/96 – 6/1/99

William J. Rainer(Chairman 8/11/99 – 1/19/01) 4/15/99 – 4/13/04 8/11/99 – 1/19/01

Sharon Brown-Hruska (Acting Chairman 7/24/04 – 7/10/05) 4/13/99 – 4/13/04 4/13/04 – 04/13/09 8/7/02 – 7/28/06

Read P. Dunn, Jr. 4/15/75 – 4/15/78 4/15/75 – 4/15/80*

James M. Stone (Chairman 5/4/79-6/8/81) 4/15/78 – 4/15/83 5/4/79 – 1/31/83

William E. Seale 4/15/83 – 4/15/88 11/16/83 – 9/1/88

William P. Albrecht (Acting Chairman 1/22/93-8/20/93) 4/15/88 – 4/15/93 11/22/88 – 8/20/93

John E. Tull, Jr. (Acting Chairman 1/27/96-8/25/96) 4/15/93 – 4/15/98 11/24/93 – 2/27/99

Thomas J. Erickson 4/15/98 – 4/13/03 6/21/99 – 12/1/02

Frederick W. Hatfield 4/13/03 – 4/13/08 12/6/04 – 12/31/06

John V. Rainbolt, II 4/15/75 – 4/15/77 4/15/75 – 5/18/78

David G. Gartner 4/15/77 – 4/15/82 5/19/78 – 10/5/82

Fowler C. West 4/15/82 – 4/15/87 4/15/87 – 4/15/92 10/6/82 – 1/20/93

Barbara P. Holum (Acting Chairman 12/22/93-10/7/94) 4/15/92 – 4/13/97 4/13/97 – 4/13/02 4/13/02 – 4/13/07 11/28/93 – 12/9/03

Reuben Jeffery III (Chairman 7/11/05 – 6/27/07) 4/13/02 – 4/13/07 7/11/05 – 6/27/07

Robert L. Martin 6/19/75 – 6/19/76 6/19/76 – 6/19/81 6/20/75 – 8/31/81

Kalo A. Hineman (Acting Chairman 7/27/87-2/22/88) 6/19/81 – 6/19/86 6/19/86 – 6/19/91 1/12/82 – 6/19/91

Joseph B. Dial 6/19/91 – 6/19/96 6/20/91 – 11/13/97

James E. Newsome (Acting Chairman 1/20/01 – 12/27/01) (Chairman 12/27/01 – 7/23/04) 6/19/96 – 6/19/01 6/19/01 – 6/19/06 8/10/98 – 7/23/04

Michael V. Dunn 6/19/01 – 6/19/06 6/19/06 – 6/19/11 12/6/04 –

Jill E. Sommers 8/8/07 –

Bart Chilton 8/8/07 –

Held two separate terms.
Primary exchanges monitored
Chicago Board Options Exchange
Chicago Board of Trade
Chicago Mercantile Exchange
HedgeStreet
U.S. Futures Exchange
Kansas City Board of Trade
Minneapolis Grain Exchange
New York Mercantile Exchange
New York Board of Trade
OneChicago
Criticism
Barack Obama has argued that current loopholes in CFTC regulations have contributed to skyrocketing prices and lack of transparency of oil on markets.[12]

On June 25, 2008 Speaker Pelosi sent a letter to President Bush calling on him to direct the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) to use its emergency powers to take immediate action to curb excessive speculation in energy markets, and to investigate all energy contracts. Despite growing reports of excessive speculation in energy markets, the CFTC has refused to take actions they have taken in the past.[13] The Energy Markets Emergency Act of 2008 was a failed bill that would have attempted to curb excessive speculation in the energy futures markets.