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The euro (�) is the official currency of 16 of the 27 member states
Euroof the European Union (EU). The states, known collectively as the Eurozone, are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also used in a further five European countries, with and without formal agreements and is consequently used daily by some 327 million Europeans. Over 175 million people worldwide use currencies which are pegged to the euro, including more than 150 million people in Africa.
The euro is the second largest reserve currency and the second most traded currency in the world after the U.S. dollar. As of November 2008, with more than �751 billion in circulation, the euro is the currency with the highest combined value of cash in circulation in the world, having surpassed the U.S. dollar. Based on IMF estimates of 2008 GDP and purchasing power parity among the various currencies, the Eurozone is the second largest economy in the world.
The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995. The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1. Euro coins and banknotes entered circulation on 1 January 2002.
Coins and banknotes
Euro
The euro is divided into 100 cents (sometimes referred to as euro-cents, especially when distinguishing them from other currencies). In official contexts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are recommended and used. All circulating coins have a common side showing the denomination or value, and a map in the background. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins that map only showed the 15 member states which were members when the euro was introduced. Beginning in 2007 or 2008 (depending on the country) the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway. The 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, however, keep their old design, showing a geographical map of Europe with the 15 member states of 2002 raised somewhat above the rest of the map. All common sides were designed by Luc Luycx. The coins also have a national side showing an image specifically chosen by the country that issued the coin. Euro coins from any member state may be freely used in any nation which has adopted the euro.
The coins are issued in �2, �1, 50-cent, 20-cent, 10-cent, 5-cent, 2-cent, and 1-cent denominations. In order to avoid the use of the two smallest coins, some cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents in the Netherlands (by voluntary agreement) and in Finland (by law).
Commemorative coins with �2 face value have been issued with changes to the design of the national side of the coin. These include both commonly issued coins, such as the �2 commemorative coin for the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome, and nationally issued coins, such as the coin to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics issued by Greece. These coins are legal tender throughout the Eurozone. Collector’s coins with various other denominations have been issued as well, but these are not intended for general circulation, and they are legal tender only in the member state that issued them.
The design for euro banknotes have common designs on both sides. The design was created by Robert Kalina. Notes are issued in �500, �200, �100, �50, �20, �10, �5. Each banknote has its own colour and is dedicated to an artistic period of European architecture. The front of the note features windows or gateways while the back has bridges. While the designs are supposed to be devoid of any identifiable characteristics, the initial designs by Robert Kalina were of specific bridges, including the Rialto and the Pont de Neuilly, and were subsequently rendered more generic; the final designs still bear very close similarities to their specific prototypes; thus they are not truly generic. Some of the highest denominations such as the �500 are not issued in all countries, though they remain legal tender throughout the Eurozone.
Currency sign
Euro
A special euro currency sign (�) was designed after a public survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to two. The European Commission then chose the design created by the Belgian Alain Billiet. The official story of the design history of the euro sign is disputed by Arthur Eisenmenger, a former chief graphic designer for the EEC, who claims to have created it as a generic symbol of Europe.
The European Commission also specified a euro logo with exact proportions and foreground/background colour tones. While the Commission intended the logo to be a prescribed glyph shape, font designers made it clear that they intended to design their own variants instead. Typewriters lacking the euro sign can create it by typing a capital 'C', backspacing and overstriking it with the equal ('=') sign. Placement of the currency sign relative to the numeric amount varies from nation to nation, and there is no official recommendation on the issue.
Introduction of the euro
The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty. In order to participate in the currency, member states are meant to meet strict criteria such as a budget deficit of less than three per cent of their GDP, a debt ratio of less than sixty per cent of GDP, low inflation, and interest rates close to the EU average. In the Maastricht Treaty, the United Kingdom and Denmark were granted exemptions per their request from moving to the stage of monetary union which would result in the introduction of the euro.
Economists who helped create or contributed to the euro include Robert Mundell, Wim Duisenberg, Robert Tollison, Neil Dowling, Fred Arditti and Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa. (For macro-economic theory, see below.) The name euro was devised on 4 August 1995 by Germain Pirlot, a Belgian esperantist and ex-teacher of French and history, and officially adopted in Madrid on 16 December 1995.
Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process of triangulation via the euro. The definitive values in euro of these subdivisions (which represent the exchange rates at which the currency entered the euro) are shown at right.
The rates were determined by the Council of the European Union, based on a recommendation from the European Commission based on the market rates on 31 December 1998. They were set so that one European Currency Unit (ECU) would equal one euro. The European Currency Unit was an accounting unit used by the EU, based on the currencies of the member states; it was not a currency in its own right. They could not be set earlier, because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non-euro currencies (principally the pound sterling) that day.
The procedure used to fix the irrevocable conversion rate between the drachma and the euro was different, since the euro by then was already two years old. While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the euro was introduced, the conversion rate for the Greek drachma was fixed several months beforehand.
The currency was introduced in non-physical form (travellers' cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the Eurozone) ceased to exist independently. Their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other, effectively making them mere non-decimal subdivisions of the euro. The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002.
The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from several years to forever (the latter in Austria, Germany, Ireland, and Spain). The earliest coins to become non-convertible were the Portuguese escudos, which ceased to have monetary value after 31 December 2002, although banknotes remain exchangeable until 2022.
欧元（�；代码EUR）是欧盟中十三个国家的货币、这十三个国家是：奥地利、比利时、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、斯洛文尼亚和西班牙，他们合称为欧元区（Eurozone）。欧元在香港一般称为欧罗。
历史
欧元是自罗马帝国以来欧洲货币改革最为重大的结果。欧元不仅仅使欧洲单一市场得以完善，欧元区国家间自由贸易更加方便，而且更是欧盟一体化进程的重要组成部分。
尽管摩纳哥、圣马力诺和梵蒂冈并不是欧盟国家，但是由于他们以前使用法国法郎或者意大利里拉作为货币，现在也使用欧元并授权铸造少量的他们自己的欧元硬币。一些非欧盟国家和地区，比如黑山，科索沃和安道尔，也使用欧元作为支付工具。
欧元由欧洲中央银行（European Central Bank，ECB）和各欧元区国家的中央银行组成的欧洲中央银行系统（European System of Central Banks，ESCB）负责管理。总部坐落于德国法兰克福的欧洲中央银行有独立制定货币政策的权力，欧元区国家的中央银行参与欧元纸币和欧元硬币的印刷、铸造与发行，并负责欧元区支付系统的运作。
特点
所有的欧元硬币的正面都是相同的，标有硬币的面值，称为“共同面（common side）”，而硬币背面的图案则是由发行国自行设计的（national side）。君主立宪制国家常常使用他们君主的头像，其他的国家通常用他们国家的象征。所有不同的硬币都可以在所有地区使用，比如铸有西班牙国王头像的硬币在出了西班牙以外的其他使用欧元的国家也是法定货币。欧元硬币一共有8种：2欧元、1欧元、50欧分、20欧分、10欧分、5欧分、2欧分和1欧分。虽然1欧分和2欧分的硬币一般不在芬兰和荷兰使用，但仍然是法定货币。
每种面额的欧元纸币的设计在各国都是一样的。欧元纸币一共有7种：500欧元、200欧元、100欧元、50欧元、20欧元、10欧元和5欧元。尽管大面额的纸币在某些国家并不发行，但仍然是法定货币。
泛欧自动实时清算系统（Trans-European Automated Real-Time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System，TARGET）是一个在欧元发行以前就已经设立的欧洲范围内大额交易清算系统。对于小额支付的一般规则是：在欧元区之内的转账视为国内转账，欧元区内信用卡支付和ATM取款的费用与国内费用相同，票据支付，例如支票等，也与国内相同。
转换
欧元是由1992年为建立欧洲经济货币同盟（EMU）而在马斯特里赫特签订的《欧洲联盟条约》所确定的。成员国需要满足一系列严格的标准，例如预算赤字不得超过国内生产总值的3％，负债率不超过国内生产总值60％，通货膨胀率和利率接近欧盟国家的平均水平。
由于各国数字舍进位习惯不同，各国货币间的转换均需通过欧元进行。欧元和原有货币的固定转换比率如下：
这些转换比率是由欧洲议会根据欧洲委员会的建议，按1998年12月31日的市场汇率为基础而确定的，1欧洲货币单位等于1欧元。因为欧洲货币单位的价值取决于非欧元货币（主要是英镑）的当日收盘价，所以该汇率没有更早确定。
使用欧元的国家
目前官方使用欧元的国家有：奥地利、比利时、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、斯洛文尼亚和西班牙。某些欧元区国家的海外领土，例如法属圭亚那、留尼汪、圣皮埃尔和密克隆群岛、马提尼克等地区也使用欧元。2009年01月01日斯洛伐克正式加入欧元区，成为使用欧元的第１６个欧盟国家。
摩纳哥以前使用法国法郎、圣马力诺和梵蒂冈以前使用意大利里拉，而二者已被欧元替代。根据他们和欧盟之间的协议，他们也可以代表欧盟铸造欧元硬币。
安道尔以前使用法国法郎和西班牙比塞塔、黑山、科索沃以前使用德国马克，尽管他们和欧盟之间没有任何法律上的协议许可他们使用欧元，但是目前他们也将欧元作为“实际的”货币。在2004年10月，安道尔开始与欧盟协商关于允许安道尔象摩纳哥、圣马力诺和梵蒂冈一样铸造欧元硬币的协议。
欧元区之外的欧盟国家
瑞典
尽管瑞典没有像英国和丹麦那样正式选择退出经济和货币同盟（EMU Ⅲ），因此理论上必须在某个时间转换为欧元。但是在2003年9月14日瑞典举行的就是否同意瑞典加入欧元区的全民公决中，大多数瑞典公民投了反对票。这样，瑞典成为继丹麦后，第二个决定不加入欧元区国家。
英国
英国的欧元怀疑论者认为欧元仅仅是形成一个统一的欧洲超级大国的垫脚石，而且英国放弃自行制定利率对英国经济是有害的。相反的观点认为，既然对欧洲国家的出口占英国出口总额的60％以上，消除汇率风险对单一市场是有利的。英国的三个主要政党承诺在决定加入欧元区之前举行全民公决，而民意测验则一直显示大部分人反对加入欧元区。
丹麦
丹麦在2002年举行了关于是否加入欧元区的全民公决，丹麦人选择了不加入欧元区。与瑞典不同的是，丹麦克朗的汇率是盯住欧元的（�1＝DKr7.46038±2.25％）
欧元的纸币和硬币面额
欧元纸币的面值共有7种，分别为5欧元、10欧元、20欧元、50欧元、100欧元、200欧元、500欧元。1欧元=100分。
欧元硬币的面值共有8种，分别为1分、2分、5分、10分、20分、50分、1欧元、2欧元。
欧元图案是谁设计的含义
欧元图案是由欧洲货币局公开征集而于1996年12月13日最终确定的。奥地利纸币设计家罗伯特 卡利纳的方案被采用。按照卡利纳方案，票面值越大，纸币面积越大。各种纸币正面图案的主要组成部分是门和窗，象征着合作和坦诚精神。12颗星围成一个圆圈，象征欧盟各国和谐地生活在欧洲。纸币的反面是桥梁的图案，象征欧洲各国联系紧密。各种门、窗、桥梁图案分别代表欧洲各时期的建筑风格，币值从小到大依次为古典派、浪漫派、哥特式、文艺复兴式、巴洛克和洛可可式、铁式和玻璃式、现代派建筑风格，颜色分别为灰色、红色、蓝色、橘色、绿色、黄褐色、淡紫色。区内各国印制的欧元纸币，正面、背面图案均相同，纸币上没有任何国家标志。
硬币由欧元区各国铸造，所有硬币的正面都铸有欧洲经货联盟的标志，反面是各国的图案.
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