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Magnetite is a ferrimagnetic mineral with chemical formula Fe3O4, one of several iron oxides and a member of the spinel group. The chemical IUPAC name is iron(II,III) oxide and the common chemical name ferrous-ferric oxide. The formula for magnetite may also be written as FeO·Fe2O3, which is one part wüstite (FeO) and one part hematite (Fe2O3). This refers to the different oxidation states of the iron in one structure, not a solid solution. The Curie temperature of magnetite is 858 K.

Magnetite is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on Earth, and naturally magnetized deposits of magnetite, or lodestone, was how ancient man first discovered the property of magnetism. Lodestone was used as an early form of magnetic compass. Magnetite typically carries the dominant magnetic signature in rocks, and so it has been a critical tool in paleomagnetism, a science important in discovering and understanding plate tectonics and as historic data for magnetohydrodynamics and other scientific fields. The relationships between magnetite and other iron-rich oxide minerals such as ilmenite, hematite, and ulvospinel have been much studied, as the complicated reactions between these minerals and oxygen influence how and when magnetite preserves records of the Earth's magnetic field.

Magnetite has been very important in understanding the conditions under which rocks form and evolve. Magnetite reacts with oxygen to produce hematite, and the mineral pair forms a buffer that can control oxygen fugacity. Commonly igneous rocks contain grains of two solid solutions, one between magnetite and ulvospinel and the other between ilmenite and hematite. Compositions of the mineral pairs are used to calculate how oxidizing was the magma (i.e., the oxygen fugacity of the magma): a range of oxidizing conditions are found in magmas and the oxidation state helps to determine how the magmas might evolve by fractional crystallization.

Small grains of magnetite occur in almost all igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. Magnetite also occurs in many sedimentary rocks, including banded iron formations. In many igneous rocks, magnetite-rich and ilmenite-rich grains occur that precipitated together from magma. Magnetite also is produced from peridotites and dunites by serpentinization.

Magnetite is a valuable source of iron ore. It dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid.

Distribution of deposits

Magnetite is sometimes found in large quantities in beach sand. Such black sands (mineral sands or iron sands) are found in various places such as California and the west coast of New Zealand. The magnetite is carried to the beach via rivers from erosion and is concentrated via wave action and currents.

Huge deposits have been found in banded iron formations. These sedimentary rocks have been used to infer changes in the oxygen content of the atmosphere of the Earth.

Large deposits of Magnetite are also found in the Atacama region of Chile, Kiruna, Sweden, the Pilbara, Midwest and Northern Goldfields regions in Western Australia, and in the Adirondack region of New York in the United States. Deposits are also found in Norway, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, South Africa, India, Mexico, and in Oregon, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Virginia, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado in the United States. Recently, in June 2005, an exploration company, Cardero Resources, discovered a vast deposit of magnetite-bearing sand dunes in Peru. The dune field covers 250 square kilometers (100 sq mi), with the highest dune at over 2,000 meters (6,560 ft) above the desert floor. The sand contains 10% magnetite[1].

磁铁矿
　矿物名。磁铁矿的化学成分为Fe3O4，晶体属等轴晶系的氧化物矿物，晶体常呈八面体和菱形十二面体、集合体呈粒状或块状。完好单晶形呈八面体或菱形十二面体，呈菱形十二面体时，菱形面上常有平行该晶面长对角线方向的条纹。集合体为致密块状或粒状。颜色为铁黑色，条痕呈黑色，金属光泽或半金属光泽，不透明，无解理，摩氏硬度5.5-6，比重4.8-5.3。因为它具有强磁性，中国古代又称为慈石、磁石、玄石。是矿物中磁性最强的，能被永久磁铁吸引，中国古代的指南针"司南"就是利用这一特性制成的。氧化后变为赤铁矿或褐铁矿。
　　磁铁矿分布广，有多种成因。生于变质矿床和内生矿床中，岩浆成因矿床以瑞典基鲁纳为典型；火山作用有关的矿浆直接形成的以智利拉克铁矿为典型；接触变质形成的铁矿以中国大冶铁矿为典型；含铁沉积岩层经区域变质作用形成的铁矿，品位低规模大，俄罗斯、北美、巴西、澳大利亚和中国辽宁鞍山等地都有大量产出。磁铁矿是炼铁的主要矿物原料，也是传统的中药材。
　　[晶体化学] 理论组成(wB%)：FeO 31.03，Fe2O3 68.96。其中Fe3 的类质同像代替有Al3 、Ti4 、Cr3 、V3 等；替代Fe2 的有Mg2 、Mn2 、Zn2 、Ni2 、Co2 、Cu2 、Ge2 等。
　　当Ti4 代替Fe3 时，伴随有Fe2 —Fe3 、Mg2 —Fe2 和V3 —Fe3 ；Ti亦可以钛铁矿或钛铁晶石的细小包裹体呈定向连生形式存在，系由固溶体出溶而成。在>600℃时，形成磁铁矿FeFe2O4—Fe2TiO4完全固溶体，矿物结构式：Fe3 [Fe2 1-xFe3 1-2xTi4 x]O4(0≤x≤0.2)；Fe3 1.2-xFe2 x-0.2[Fe2 1.2Fe3 0.8-xTi4 x]O4(0.2≤x≤0.8)；Fe3 2-2xFe2 2x-1[Fe2 2-xTi4 x]O4(0.8≤x≤1)；其中方括号中的阳离子为八面体配位。在>500℃时则形成FeFe2O4—FeTiO3完全固溶体；随温度的下降，固溶体发生出溶。
　　当Ti4 代替Fe3 ，其中TiO225%时称含钛磁铁矿，TiO225%者称钛磁铁矿。含钒钛较多时，则称钒钛磁铁矿。含铬者称铬磁铁矿。钛磁铁矿与钒钛磁铁矿在高温时形成固溶体，温度下降时发生出溶，在光片中可看到钛铁矿在磁铁矿晶粒中生成的显微定向连生常沿磁铁矿的八面体裂开分布，叫钛铁磁铁矿。磁铁矿中的Fe2 可被Mg2 代替，构成磁铁矿－镁铁矿完全类质同像系列。
　　[结构与形态] 等轴晶系，a0=0.8396nm；Z=8。反尖晶石型结构。即1/2的Fe3 和全部的Fe2 占据八面体位置，另1/2的Fe3 占据四面体位置。晶格常数a0随Al3 、Cr3 、Mg2 替代量的增大而减小；随Ti4 、Mn2 的替代量增高而增大。
　　六八面体晶类，Oh-m3m(3L44L36L29PC)。晶体常呈八面体和菱形十二面体。在菱形十二面体的菱形晶面上常有平行于该面长对角线方向的条纹，为{111}和{110}的聚形纹(图4-4-3)。依{111}尖晶石律成双晶。集合体通常成致密粒状块体。
　　[物理性质] 黑色。条痕黑色。半金属至金属光泽。不透明。无解理，有时可见∥{111}的裂开，往往为含钛磁铁矿中呈显微状的钛铁晶石、钛磁铁矿的包裹体在｛111｝方向定向排列所致。性脆。硬度5.5~6。相对密度4.9~5.2。具强磁性，居里点（Tc）578℃。居里点是磁性矿物的一种热磁效应，为磁性或反磁性物质加热转变为顺磁性物质的临界温度值。
　　[产状与组合] 产于相对较还原的环境。主要成因类型有：
　　岩浆型;接触交代型;高温热液型;区域变质型。
　　[鉴定特征] 八面体晶形，黑色，条痕黑色，无解理，强磁性。以此可与相似矿物铬铁矿、黑钨矿、黑锰矿等区别。
　　[工业应用] 为最重要和最常见的铁矿石矿物。钛磁铁矿、钒钛磁铁矿同时亦为钛、钒的重要矿石矿物。富含Ti、V、Ni、Co等元素时可综合利用。
　　药用磁铁矿名磁石，别名玄石、慈石、灵磁石、吸铁石、吸针石。功效：潜阳安神；聪耳明目；纳气平喘。
　　磁铁矿分布广，有多种成因。瑞典基鲁纳是典型的岩浆矿床。智利的拉科铁矿是由与火山作用有关的矿浆直接形成的。接触变质形成的铁矿可以中国大冶铁矿为例。由沉积的含铁岩层经区域变质作用形成的铁矿（如中国鞍山一带的铁矿），以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主，规模很大，但品位较低，是世界上最重要的铁矿来源。前苏联、北美、巴西、澳大利亚都有特大型的此种铁矿。磁铁矿因比重大，并有抵抗风化的能力，所以在河床或滨海砂中也能富集。遭受氧化后能转变为赤铁矿；若保留原有的外形,即称为假象赤铁矿。