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Alloy

An alloy is a partial or complete solid solution of one or more elements in a metallic matrix. Complete solid solution alloys give single solid phase microstructure, while partial solutions give two or more phases that may be homogeneous in distribution depending on thermal (heat treatment) history. Alloys usually have different properties from those of the component elements.

Alloying one metal with other metal(s) or non metal(s) often enhances its properties. For instance, steel is stronger than iron, its primary element. The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus, and electrical and thermal conductivity, of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties, such as tensile strength[1] and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This is sometimes due to the sizes of the atoms in the alloy, since larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. Alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element occur. For example, impurities in semi-conducting ferromagnetic alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura.[2][3] Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metals. Brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc. Bronze, used for bearings, statues, ornaments and church bells, is an alloy of copper and tin.

Unlike pure metals, most alloys do not have a single melting point. Instead, they have a melting range in which the material is a mixture of solid and liquid phases. The temperature at which melting begins is called the solidus and the temperature when melting is complete is called the liquidus. However, for most alloys there is a particular proportion of constituents (in rare cases two) which has a single melting point. This is called the alloy's eutectic mixture.

Terminology
In practice, some alloys are used so predominantly with respect to their base metals that the name of the primary constituent is also used as the name of the alloy. For example, 14 karat gold is an alloy of gold with other elements. Similarly, the silver used in jewelry and the aluminium used as a structural building material are also alloys.

The term "alloy" is sometimes used in everyday speech as a synonym for a particular alloy. For example, automobile wheels made of aluminium alloy are commonly referred to as simply "alloy wheels". The usage is obviously indefinite, since steels and most other metals in practical use are also alloys.

合金

合金，就是两种或两种以上化学物质（至少有一组分为金属）混合而成的具有金属特性的物质，一般由各组分熔合成均匀的液体，再经冷凝而得。

概述
合金的生成常会改善元素单质的性质，例如，钢的强度大于其主要组成元素铁。合金的物理性质，例如密度、反应性、杨氏模量、导电性和导热性可能与合金的组成元素尚有类似之处，但是合金的抗拉强度[1]和抗剪强度却通常与组成元素的性质有很大不同。这是由于合金与单质中的原子排列有很大差异。

少量的某种元素可能会对合金的性质造成很大的影响。例如，铁磁性合金中的杂质会使合金的性质发生变化。[2][3]

不同于纯净金属的是，多数合金没有固定的熔点，温度处在熔化温度范围间时，混合物为固液并存状态。因此可以说，合金的熔点比组分金属低。参见低共熔混合物。

常见的合金中，黄铜是由铜和锌的合金；青铜是锡和铜的合金，用于雕象、装饰品和教堂钟。

合金是一种溶液，如钢中，铁是溶剂，碳是溶质。