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Letter of Credit发表评论(0)编辑词条

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Letter of credit编辑本段回目录


A standard, commercial letter of credit is a document issued mostly by a financial institution, used primarily in trade finance, which usually provides an irrevocable payment undertaking.
The LC can also be the source of payment for a traction, meaning that redeeming the letter of credit will pay an exporter. Letters of credit are used primarily in international trade transactions of significant value, for deals between a supplier in one country and a customer in another. They are also used in the land development process to ensure that approved public facilities (streets, sidewalks, stormwater ponds, etc.) will be built. The parties to a letter of credit are usually a beneficiary who is to receive the money, the issuing bank of whom the applicant is a client, and the advising bank of whom the beneficiary is a client. Almost all letters of credit are irrevocable, i.e., cannot be amended or canceled without prior agreement of the beneficiary, the issuing bank and the confirming bank, if any. In executing a transaction, letters of credit incorporate functions common to giros and Traveler's cheques. Typically, the documents a beneficiary has to present in order to receive payment include a commercial invoice, bill of lading, and documents proving the shipment was insured against loss or damage in transit. However, the list and form of documents is open to imagination and negotiation and might contain requirements to present documents issued by a neutral third party evidencing the quality of the goods shipped, or their place of origin.

How it works编辑本段回目录


A business called the InCosmetika from time to time imports goods from a business called BLISS, which banks with the ABC Bank. InCosmetika holds an account at the Commonwealth Bank. InCosmetika wants to buy $500,000 worth of merchandise from BLISS, who agrees to sell the goods and give InCosmetika 60 days to pay for them, on the condition that they are provided with a 90-day LC for the full amount. The steps to get the letter of credit would be as follows:
• InCosmetika goes to The Commonwealth Bank and requests a $500,000 letter of credit, with BLISS as the beneficiary.
• The Commonwealth Bank can issue an LC either on approval of a standard loan underwriting process or by InCosmetika funding it directly with a deposit of $500,000 plus fees which are typically between 1% and 8% of the face value of the LC.
• The Commonwealth Bank sends a copy of the LC to the ABC Bank, which notifies BLISS that payment is available and they can ship the merchandise InCosmetika has ordered with the full assurance of payment to them.
• On presentation of the stipulated documents in the letter of credit and compliance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit, the Commonwealth Bank transfers the $500,000 to the ABC Bank, which then credits the account of BLISS for that amount.
• Note that banks deal only with documents required in the letter of credit and not the underlying transaction.
• Many exporters have mistakenly assumed that the payment is guaranteed after receiving the LC. The issuing bank is obligated to pay under the letter of credit only when the stipulated documents are presented and the terms and conditions of the letter of credit have been met.

Some of the Documents Called for under a LC编辑本段回目录


• Financial Documents
Bill of Exchange, Co-accepted Draft
• Commercial Documents
Invoice, Packing list
• Shipping Documents
Transport Document, Insurance Certificate, Commercial, Official or Legal Documents
• Official Documents
License, Embassy legalization, Origin Certificate, Inspection Cert , Phyto-sanitary Certificate
• Transport Documents
Bill of Lading (ocean or multi-modal or Charter party), Airway bill, Lorry/truck receipt, railway receipt, CMC Other than Mate Receipt, Forwarder Cargo Receipt, Deliver Challan...etc
• Insurance documents
Insurance policy, or Certificate but not a cover note.

International Trade Payment methods编辑本段回目录


• Advance payment (most secure for seller)
Where the buyer parts with money first and waits for the seller to forward the goods
• Documentary Credit (more secure for seller as well as buyer)
subject to ICC's UCP 600, where the bank gives an undertaking (on behalf of buyer and at the request of applicant ) to pay the shipper ( beneficiary ) the value of the goods shipped if certain docs are submitted and if the stipulated terms and conditions are strictly complied.
Here the buyer can be confident that the goods he is expecting only will be received since it will be evidenced in the form of certain docs called for meeting the specified terms and conditions while the supplier can be confident that if he meets the stipulations his payment for the shipment is guaranteed by bank, who is independent of the parties to the contract.
• Documentary collection (more secure for buyer and to a certain extent to seller)
subject to ICC's URC 525, sight and usance, for delivery of shipping documents against payment or acceptances of draft, where shipment happens first, then the title documents are sent to the [collecting bank] buyer's bank by seller's bank [remitting bank], for delivering documents against collection of payment/acceptance
• Direct payment (most secure for buyer)
Where the supplier ships the goods and waits for the buyer to remit the bill proceeds, on open account terms

Risk situations in LC transaction编辑本段回目录


General risks, fraud risks, sovereign and regulatory risks, legal risks, force majeure and frustration of contract, risks of the applicant, risks to the issuing bank, risks to the reimbursing bank, risks to the beneficiary, risks to the advising bank, risks to the nominated bank, risks to the confirming bank


I 什么是信用证
信用证(Letter of Credit,L/C) ,是指开证银行应申请人的要求并按其指示向第三方开立的载有一定金额的,在一定的期限内凭符合规定的单据付款的书面保证文件。
  信用证是目前国际贸易中最主要、最常用的支付方式。
商务印书馆《英汉证券投资词典》解释:信用证 英语为:letter of credit。缩写为:l/c或LOC。①在债券发行过程中,由银行发出的一种承诺,保证债务人到时按期还本付息。如果债券发行人不能履行还款义务,开具信用证的银行则将履行还款义务。②在国际贸易中,进口方银行向出口方银行开具的保证支付文件,承诺当货物到达进口方或出口方发出货物时向出口银行支付款项。
II 信用证的主要当事人及其权利与义务
(1)开证申请人(applicant)。向银行申请开立信用证的人,在信用证中又称开证人(opener)。
  义务:根据合同开证;向银行交付比例押金;及时付款赎单
  权利:验、退赎单;验、退货(均以信用证为依据)
  说明:开证申请书有两部分即对开证行的开证申请和对开证行的声明和保证(申明赎单付款前货物所有权归银行;开证行及其代理行只付单据表面是否合格之责;开证行对单据传递中的差错不负责;对“不可抗力”不负责;保证到期付款赎单;保证支付各项费用;开证行有权随时追加押金;有权决定货物代办保险和增加保险级别而费用由开证申请人负担。
  (2)开证行(opening/issuing bank)。接受开证申请人的委托开立信用证的银行,它承担保证付款的责任。
  义务:正确、及时开证;承担第一性付款责任
  权利:收取手续费和押金;拒绝受益人或议付行的不符单据;付款后如开证申请人无力付款赎单时可处理单、货;货不足款可向开证申请人追索余额。
  (3)通知行(advising/notifying bank)。指受开证行的委托,将信用证转交出口人的银行,它只证明信用证的真实性,不承担其他义务,是出口地所在银行。
  还要证明信用证的真实性;
  转递行只负责照转。
  (4)受益人(beneficiary)。指信用证上所指定的有权使用该证的人,即出口人或实际供货人。
  义务:收到信用证后应及时与合同核对,不符者尽早要求开证行修改或拒绝接受或要求开证申请人指示开证行修改信用证;如接受则发货并通知收货人,备齐单据在规定时间向议付行交单议付;对单据的正确性负责,不符时应执行开证行改单指示并仍在信用证规定期限交单。权利:被拒绝修改或修改后仍不符有权在通知对方后单方面撤消合同并拒绝信用证;交单后若开证行倒闭或无理拒付可直接要求开证申请人付款;收款前若开证申请人破产可停止货物装运并自行处理;若开证行倒闭时信用证还未使用可要求开证申请人另开。
  (5)议付银行(negotiating bank)。指愿意买入受益人交来跟单汇票的银行。
  根据信用证开证行的付款保证和受益人的请求,按信用证规定对受益人交付的跟单汇票垫款或贴现,并向信用证规定的付款行索偿的银行(又称购票行、押汇行和贴现行;一般就是通知行;有限定议付和自由议付)。
  义务:严格审单;垫付或贴现跟单汇票;背批信用证;
  权利:可议付也可不议付;议付后可处理(货运)单据;议付后开证行倒闭或借口拒付可向受益人追回垫款
  (6)付款银行(paying/drawee bank)。信用证上指定付款的银行,在多数情况下,付款行就是开证行。
  对符合信用证的单据向受益人付款的银行(可以是开证行也可受其委托的另家银行)。
  有权付款或不付款;一经付款无权向受益人或汇票善意持有人追索
  (7) 保兑行(Confirming Bank)受开证行委托对信用证以自己名义保证的银行
  加批“保证兑付”;不可撤消的确定承诺;独立对信用证负责,凭单付款;付款后只能向开证行索偿;若开证行拒付或倒闭,则无权向受益人和议付行追索。
  (8) 承兑行(Accepting Bank) 对受益人提交的汇票进行承兑的银行,亦是付款行。
  (9) 偿付行(Reimbursement Bank)受开证行在信用证上的委托,代开证行向议付行或付款行清偿垫款的银行(又称清算行)。
  只付款不审单;只管偿付不管退款;不偿付时开证行偿付。
III 信用证方式的一般收付程序
1)开证申请人根据合同填写开证申请书并交纳押金或提供其他保证,请开证行开证。
  (2)开证行根据申请书内容,向受益人开出信用证并寄交出口人所在地通知行。
  (3)通知行核对印鉴无误后,将信用证交受益人。
  (4)受益人审核信用证内容与合同规定相符后,按信用证规定装运货物、备妥单据并开出汇票,在信用证有效期内,送议付行议付。
  (5)议付行按信用证条款审核单据无误后,把货款垫付给受益人。
  (6)议付行将汇票和货运单据寄开证行或其特定的付款行索偿。
  (7)开证行核对单据无误后,付款给议付行。
  (8)开证行通知开证人付款赎单。
IV 信用证主要内容
(1)对信用证本身的说明。如其种类、性质、有效期及到期地点。
  (2)对货物的要求。根据合同进行描述。
  (3)对运输的要求。
  (4)对单据的要求,即货物单据、运输单据、保险单据及其它有关单证。
  (5)特殊要求。
  (6)开证行对受益人及汇票持有人保证付款的责任文句。
  (7)国外来证大多数均加注:“除另有规定外,本证根据国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》即国际商会600号出版物 (《ucp600》)办理。”
  (8)银行间电汇索偿条款(t/t reimbursement clause)。
  信用证的标准格式
  LETTER OF CREDIT
  编号: Reference:
  作者: Author:
  标题: Title:
  发往: Send to:
  报文类型: Message Type:
  优先级: Priority:
  传送监控: Delivery Monitoring:
  27 :报文页次 sequence of total
  40A :跟单信用证类型 form of documentary credit
  20 : 跟单信用证号码 documentary credit
  31C :开证日期 date of issue
  31D :到期日 date of expiry 到期地点place of expiry
  51A :开证申请人银行——银行代码 applicant bank-BIC
  50 :开证申请人 applicant
  59 :受益人 beneficiary
  32B :货币与金额 currency code, amount
  41D :指定银行与兑付方式 available with … by …
  42C :汇票 drafts at…
  42A :汇票付款人——银行代码 drawee-BIC
  43P :分批装运 partial shipments
  43T :转船 transshipment
  44A :装船/发运/接受监管地点 loading on board / dispatch/taking in charge
  44B :货物运往 for transportation to …
  44C :最迟装运期 latest date of shipment
  45A :货物/或服务名称 description of goods and/or services
  46A :单据要求 documents required
  47A :附加条件 additional conditions
  71B :费用 charges
  48 :交单期限 period for presentation
  49 :保兑指示 confirmation instructions
  78 :给付款行/承兑行/议付行的指示 instructions to paying/accepting/negotiating bank
  72 :附言 sender to receiver information
V 信用证支付方式的特点
1.开证行承担第一性的、而且是独立的付款责任。
  2.信用证是一项自足文件 。信用证虽然是根据买卖合同开立的,但信用证一经开出,就成为独立于买卖合同以外的一项约定。
  3.信用证是一种单据买卖 ,各有关当事人处理的是单据,而不是货物、服务和/或其他行为。银行只负责单证、单单之间的表面相符。
VI 信用证的种类
(1)以信用证项下的汇票是否附有货运单据划分为:跟单信用证及光票信用证。
  ①跟单信用证(Documentary Credit)是凭跟单汇票或仅凭单据付款的信用证。此处的单据指代表货物所有权的单据(如海运提单等),或证明货物已交运的单据(如铁路运单、航空运单、邮包收据)。
  ②光票信用证(Clean Credit)是凭不随附货运单据的光票(Clean Draft)付款的信用证。银行凭光票信用证付款,也可要求受益人附交一此非货运单据,如发票、垫款清单等。
  在国际贸易的货款结算中,绝大部分使用跟单信用证。
  (2)以开证行所负的责任为标准可以分为:
  ①不可撤销信用证。指信用证一经开出,在有效期内,未经受益人及有关当事人的同意,开证行不能片面修改和撤销,只要受益人提供的单据 符合信用证规定,开证行必须履行付款义务。
  ②可撤销信用证。开证行不必征得受益人或有关当事人同意有权随时撤销的信用证,应在信用证上注明“可撤销”字样。但《UCP500》规定: 只要受益人依信用证条款规定已得到了议付、承兑或延期付款保证时,该 信用证即不能被撤销或修改。它还规定,如信用证中末注明是否可撤销, 应视为不可撤销信用证。
  最新的<<UCP600>>规定银行不可开立可撤消信用证!
  (3)以有无另一银行加以保证兑付,可以分为:
  ①保兑信用证。指开证行开出的信用证,由另一银行保证对符合信用证条款规定的单据履行付款义务。对信用证加以保兑的银行,称为保兑行。
  ②不保兑信用证。开证行开出的信用证没有经另一家银行保兑。
  (4)根据付款时间不同,可以分为:
  ①即期信用证。指开证行或付款行收到符合信用证条款的跟单汇票或装运单据后,立即履行付款义务的信用证. 2 远期信用证。指开证行或付款行收到信用证的单据时,在规定期限内履行付款义务的信用证。
  ③假远期信用证。信用证规定受益人开立远期汇票,由付款行负责贴现,并规定一切利息和费用由开证人承担。这种信用证对受益人来讲,实际上仍属即期收款,在信用证中有“假远期”(usance L/C payable at sight)条款. (5) 根据受益人对信用证的权利可否转让,可分为:
  ①可转让信用证。指信用证的受益人(第一受益人)可以要求授权付款、承担延期付款责任,承兑或议付的银行(统称“转让行”),或当信用证是自由议付时,可以要求信用证中特别授权的转让银行,将信用证全部或 部分转让给一个或数个受益人(第二受益人)使用的信用证。开证行在信用证中要明确注明“可转让”(transferable),且只能转让一次。
  ②不可转让信用证。指受益人不能将信用证的权利转让给他人的信用证。凡信用证中末注明“可转让”,即是不可转让信用证。
  (6)循环信用证。指信用证被全部或部分使用后,其金额又恢复到原金额,可再次使用,直至达到规定的次数或规定的总金额为止。它通常在 分批均匀交货情况下使用。在按金额循环的信用证条件下,恢复到原金 额的具体做法有:
  ①自动式循环。每期用完一定金额,不需等待开证行的通知,即可自动恢复到原金额。
  ②非自动循环。每期用完一定金额后,必须等待开证行通知到达,信用证才能恢复到原金额使用。
  ③半自动循环。即每次用完一定金额后若干天内,开证行末提出停止循环使用的通知,自第×天起即可自动恢复至原金额。
  (7)对开信用证。指两张信用证申请人互以对方为受益人而开立的信用证。两张信用证的金额相等或大体相等,可同时互开,也可先后开立。它多用于易货贸易或来料加工和补偿贸易业务。
  (8)对背信用证。又称转开信用证,指受益人要求原证的通知行或其他银行以原证为基础,另开一张内容相似的新信用证,对背信用证的开证行只能根据不可撤销信用证来开立。对背信用证的开立通常是中间商转售他人货物,或两国不能直接办理进出口贸易时,通过第三者以此种办法来沟通贸易。原信用证的金额(单价)应高于对背信用证的金额(单价),对背信用证的装运期应早于原信用证的规定。
  (9)预支信用证。指开证行授权代付行(通知行)向受益人预付信用证金额的全部或一部分,由开证行保证偿还并负担利息,即开证行付款在前,受益人交单在后,与远期信用证相反。预支信用证凭出口人的光票付款,也有要求受益人附一份负责补交信用证规定单据的说明书,当货运单 据交到后,付款行在付给剩余货款时,将扣除预支货款的利息。
  (10)备用信用证。又称商业票据信用证、担保信用证。指开证行根 据开证申请人的请求对受益人开立的承诺承担某项义务的凭证。即开证行保证在开证申请人未能履行其义务时,受益人只要凭备用信用证的规 定并提交开证人违约证明,即可取得开证行的偿付。它是银行信用,对受益人来说是备用于开证人违约时,取得补偿的一种方式。

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