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The rupee (Hindi: रुपया) (code: INR) is the currency of India. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The most commonly used symbols for the rupee are Rs, ₨ and रू. The ISO 4217 code for the Indian rupee is INR. On 5 March 2009 the Indian Government announced a contest to create a symbol for the Rupee.[1] The modern rupee is subdivided into 100 paise (singular paisa).

In most parts of India, the rupee is known as the rupee, rupaya (Hindi), roopayi in Telugu(రూపాయి) and Kannada(ರೂಪಾಯಿ), rubai in Tamil(ரூபாய்), roopa in Malayalam(രൂപ) or one of the other terms derived from the Sanskrit rupyakam [2] (Devanagari: रूप्यकं), raupya meaning silver; rupyakam meaning (coin) of silver. However, in West Bengal, Tripura, Orissa, and Assam, the Indian rupee is officially known by names derived from the Sanskrit Tanka. Thus, the rupee is called টাকা Taka in Bengali, টকা tôka in Assamese, and ଟଙ୍କା Tôngka in Oriya, with the symbol T, and is written as such on Indian banknotes.

On 25 May 2009, the exchange rate was Rs.47.08 to US$1.[3
Numeral system
Main article: Indian numbering system
As is standard in Indian English, large values of Indian rupees are counted in terms of thousands, lakh (100 thousand = 105 rupees, in digits 100,000), crore (100 lakhs = 107 rupees, in digits 10,000,000) and arawb (100 crore = 109 rupees, in digits 1,000,000,000). The use of million or billion, as is standard in American or British English, is far less common.

For example, the amount INR 1,25,84,729.25 is spoken as one crore twenty-five lakhs eighty-four thousand seven hundred twenty-nine rupees and twenty-five paise (see Indian numbering system).

History
Main article: History of the rupee
Modern Indian notesIndia was one of the earliest issuers of coins (circa 6th century BC). The first "rupee" is believed to have been introduced by Sher Shah Suri (1486-1545), based on a ratio of 40 copper pieces (paisa) per rupee. Among the earliest issues of paper rupees were those by the Bank of Hindustan (1770-1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773-75, established by Warren Hastings) and the Bengal Bank (1784-91), amongst others.

During British rule, and the first decade of independence, it was subdivided into 16 annas. Each anna was subdivided into 4 paise (also written pice) or 12 pies. Until 1815, the Madras Presidency also issued a currency based on the fanam, with 12 fanams equal to the rupee.

Historically, the rupee, derived from the Sanskrit word raupya, which means silver, was a silver coin. This had severe consequences in the nineteenth century, when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of vast quantities of silver in the U.S. and various European colonies resulted in a decline in the relative value of silver to gold. Suddenly the standard currency of India could not buy as much from the outside world. This event was known as "the fall of the rupee."

In 1898, the rupee was tied to the gold standard through the British pound by pegging the rupee at a value of 1 shilling 4 pence (i.e., 15 rupees = 1 pound). In 1920, the rupee was increased in value to 2 shillings (10 rupees = 1 pound). However, in 1927, the peg was once more reduced, this time to 1 shilling 6 pence (13⅓ rupees = 1 pound). This peg was maintained until 1966, when the rupee was devalued and pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 7.5 rupees = 1 dollar (at the time, the rupee became equal to 11.4 British pence). This peg lasted until the U.S. dollar devalued in 1971.

The Indian rupee replaced the Danish Indian rupee in 1845, the French Indian rupee in 1954 and the Portuguese Indian escudo in 1961. Following independence in 1947, the Indian rupee replaced all the currencies of the previously autonomous states. Some of these states had issued rupees equal to those issued by the British (such as the Travancore rupee). Other currencies included the Hyderabad rupee and the Kutch kori.

In 1957, decimalisation occurred and the rupee was divided into 100 naye paise (Hindi for "new paise"). In 1964, the initial "naye" was dropped. Many still refer to 25, 50 and 75 paise as 4, 8 and 12 annas respectively, not unlike the usage of "bit" in American English for ⅛ dollar.

In March 2009 the Indian Finance Ministry launched a public competition to select a symbol for the currency.
International use
See also: Pakistani rupee
With Partition, the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins, and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with Pakistan. In previous times, the Indian rupee was regarded as an official currency of other countries, including Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States (now the UAE), and Malaysia. The Gulf rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR), was introduced by the Indian government as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India [Amendment] Act, May 1, 1959. This creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain put on India's foreign reserves by gold smuggling. After India devalued the rupee on June 6, 1966, those countries still using it - Oman, Qatar and what is now the United Arab Emirates (known as the Trucial States until 1971) - replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 and 1965 respectively.

The Bhutanese Ngultrum is at par with the Indian Rupee and both are accepted in Bhutan. The Indian rupee is also accepted in towns of Nepalese side of Nepal-India border.

Some Indian shops in the United Kingdom have accepted Rupees. The Glassy Junction Pub in Southall is also famous for accepting Rupees as well as pound sterling.

Coins

East India Company, -1862
The three Presidencies established by the British East India Company (Bengal, Bombay and Madras) each issued their own coinages up to 1835. All three issued rupees together with fractions down to ⅛ and 1⁄16 rupee in silver. Madras also issued 2 rupees coins.

Copper denominations were more varied. Bengal issued 1 pie, ½, 1 and 2 paise. Bombay issued 1 pie, ¼, ½, 1, 1½, 2 and 4 paise. In Madras, there were copper coins for 2, 4 pies, 1, 2 and 4 paisa, with the first two denominated as ½ and 1 dub or 1⁄96 and 1⁄48 rupee. Note that Madras also issued the Madras fanam until 1815.

All three Presidencies issued gold mohurs and fractions of mohurs, including 1⁄16, ⅛, ¼ and ½ in Bengal, 1⁄15 (a gold rupee) and ⅓ (pancia) in Bombay and ¼, ⅓ and ½ in Madras.

In 1835, a single coinage for the EIC was introduced. It consisted of copper 1⁄12, ¼ and ½ anna, silver ¼, ½ and 1 rupee and gold 1 and 2 mohurs. In 1841, silver 2 annas were added, followed by copper ½ pice in 1853. The coinage of the EIC continued to be issued until 1862, even after the Company had been taken over by the Crown.

Regal Issues, 1862-1947
In 1862, coins were introduced which are referred to as Regal issues. They bore the portrait of Queen Victoria and the designation "India". Denominations were 1⁄12 anna, ½ pice, ¼ and ½ anna (all in copper), 2 annas, ¼, ½ and 1 rupee (silver) and 5 and 10 rupees and 1 mohur (gold). The gold denominations ceased production in 1891 while no ½ anna coins were issued dated later than 1877.

In 1906, bronze replaced copper for the lowest three denominations and in 1907, a cupro-nickel 1 anna was introduced. In 1918 and 1919, cupro-nickel 2, 4 and 8 annas were introduced, although the 4 and 8 annas coins were only issued until 1921 and did not replace their silver equivalents. Also in 1918, the Bombay mint struck gold sovereigns and 15 rupee coins identical in size to the sovereigns as an emergency measure due to the First World War.

In the early 1940s, several changes were implemented. The 1⁄12 anna and ½ pice ceased production, the ¼ anna was changed to a bronze, holed coin, cupro-nickel and nickel-brass ½ anna coins were introduced, nickel-brass was used to produce some 1 and 2 annas coins, and the composition of the silver coins was reduced from 91.7% to 50%. The last of the regal issues were cupro-nickel ¼, ½ and 1 rupee pieces minted in 1946 and 1947.

Independent Issues, Predecimal, 1950-1957
India’s first coins after independence were issued in 1950. They were 1 pice, ½, 1 and 2 annas, ¼, ½ and 1 rupee denominations. The sizes and compositions were the same as the final Regal issues, except for the 1 pice, which was bronze but not holed.

Independent Issues, Decimal, 1957-
The first decimal issues of India consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 naye paise and 1 rupee. The 1 naya paisa was bronze, the 2, 5 and 10 naye paise were cupro-nickel and the 25 and 50 naye paise and 1 rupee were nickel. In 1964, the word naya(e) was removed from all the coins. Between 1964 and 1967, aluminium 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 paise were introduced. In 1968, nickel-brass 20 paise were introduced, replaced by aluminium coins in 1982. Between 1972 and 1975, cupro-nickel replaced nickel in the 25 and 50 paise and the 1 rupee. In 1982, cupro-nickel 2 rupees coins were introduced. In 1988, stainless steel 10, 25 and 50 paise were introduced, followed by 1 rupee coins in 1992. Also in 1992, the 5 rupee coin was introduced.

Between 2005 and 2008, new, lighter 50 paise,1, 2 and 5 rupee coins were introduced, all struck in ferritic stainless steel. The move was prompted by the melting down of older coins whose face value was less than their scrap value.

The coins commonly in circulation are 50 paise, 1, 2 and 5 rupees. Although they remain valid, 5, 10, 20 and 25 paise coins have become increasingly rare in regular usage.

The coins are minted at the four locations of the India Government Mint.

Banknotes

British India, 1861-1947
In 1861, the Government of India introduced its first paper money, 10 rupee notes. These were followed by 20 rupee notes in 1864, 5 rupees in 1872, 10,000 rupees in 1899, 100 rupees in 1900, 50 rupees in 1905, 500 rupees in 1907 and 1000 rupees in 1909. In 1917, 1 and 2½ rupees notes were introduced.

The Reserve Bank of India began note production in 1938, issuing 2, 5, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 rupee notes, while the Government continued to issue 1 rupee notes.

Independent Issues, 1949-
After independence, new designs were introduced to remove the portrait of the King. The government continued to issue the 1 rupee note, while the Reserve Bank issued other denominations, including the 5000 and 10,000 rupee notes introduced in 1949. In the 1970s, 20 and 50 rupee notes were introduced but denominations higher than 100 rupees were demonetized in 1978. In 1987, the 500 rupee note was introduced, followed by the 1000 rupees in 2000.

The current series, which began in 1996, is called the Mahatma Gandhi series. Currency notes are printed at the Currency Note Press, Nashik, Bank Note Press, Dewas, Bharatiya Note Mudra Nigam (P) Limited presses at Salboni and Mysore and at the Watermark Paper Manufacturing Mill, Hoshangabad.

Each banknote has its amount written in 17 languages (English & Hindi on the front, and 15 others on the back) illustrating the diversity of the country. ATMs usually give Rs. 100, Rs. 500, and Rs. 1000 notes. Rs. 1000 notes are analogous to the higher valued notes of the United States dollar and the euro.

In recent years, the banknotes were slightly modified to include see through registration on the left side of obverse. In addition, the year is now printed on the reverse. EURion constellation was added to Rs. 100. The revised Rs. 10, 20 were issued in 2006, and Rs. 50, 100, 1000 in 2005. The RS. 5 notes were stopped from being printed, but have started again since 2009.

Language panel
Language panel on an Indian banknoteThe language panel on Indian rupee banknotes display the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 official languages of India.

Security features
Watermark — White side panel of notes has Mahatma Gandhi watermark.
Security thread — All notes have a silver security band with inscriptions visible when held against light which reads Bharat in Hindi and RBI in English.
Latent image — Higher denominational notes (Rupees 20 onwards) display the note's denominational value in numerals when held horizontally at eye level.
Microlettering — Numeral denominational value is visible under magnifying glass between security thread and latent image.
Fluorescence — Number panels glow under ultra-violet light.
Optically variable ink — Notes of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 have their numerals printed in optically variable ink. Number appears green when note is held flat but changes to blue when viewed at angle.
Back-to-back registration — Floral design printed on front and back of note coincides and perfectly overlap each other when viewed against light.
EURion constellation

Convertibility
Officially, the Indian rupee has a market determined exchange rate. However, the RBI trades actively in the USD/INR currency market to impact effective exchange rates. Thus, the currency regime in place for the Indian rupee with respect to the US dollar is a de facto controlled exchange rate. This is sometimes called a dirty or managed float. Other rates such as the EUR/INR and INR/JPY have volatilities that are typical of floating exchange rates. It should be noted, however, that unlike China, successive administrations (through RBI, the central bank) have not followed a policy of pegging the INR to a specific foreign currency at a particular exchange rate. RBI intervention in currency markets is solely to deliver low volatility in the exchange rates, and not to take a view on the rate or direction of the Indian rupee in relation to other currencies.

Also affecting convertibility is a series of customs regulations restricting the import and export of rupees. Legally, foreign nationals are forbidden from importing or exporting rupees, while Indian nationals can import and export only up to 5000 rupees at a time, and the possession of 500 and 1000 rupee notes in Nepal is prohibited.

RBI also exercises a system of capital controls in addition to the intervention (through active trading) in the currency markets. On the current account, there are no currency conversion restrictions hindering buying or selling foreign exchange (though trade barriers do exist). On the capital account, foreign institutional investors have convertibility to bring money in and out of the country and buy securities (subject to certain quantitative restrictions). Local firms are able to take capital out of the country in order to expand globally. But local households are restricted in their ability to do global diversification. However, owing to an enormous expansion of the current account and the capital account, India is increasingly moving towards de facto full convertibility.

Chronology
1991 - India began to lift restrictions on its currency. A series of reforms remove restrictions on current account transactions including trade, interest payments & remittances and on some capital assets-based transactions.
1997 - A panel set up to explore capital account convertibility recommended India move towards full convertibility by 2000, but timetable abandoned in the wake of the 1997-98 East Asian financial crisis.
2006 - The Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh, asks the Finance Minister and the Reserve Bank of India to prepare a road map for moving towards capital account convertibility. The "Fuller Capital Account Convertibility Report" that came about was sharply criticized by experts.

卢比印度 卢比　　货币名称,是印度、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡、尼泊尔和毛里求斯所使用的货币名称。
　　中文全称: 卢比
　　币值换算
　　1卢比=100分
　　币值: 1、2、5、10、25、50分和1、2、5卢比
    国家介绍
　　国旗：
　　咖啡色代表僧伽罗族，橙、绿色代表少数民族。菩提叶表示佛教信仰。狮子标志着该国的古称“狮子国”。
　　国徽：
　　巴基斯坦 卢比图案中间为一头狮子。外周环绕16个莲花瓣，花瓣由两穗稻谷环绕，分别象征着吉祥和丰收。稻谷下端为一花碗，装着庙花。两侧分别是太阳、月亮图案。国徽顶端为佛教法轮，象征该国与日月一样永存。
　　辅币名称: 分
　　国家名称: 斯里兰卡民主社会主义共和国
　　国家中文简称: 斯里兰卡
　　国家英文名称: The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
　　所属洲: 亚洲
　　面积: 65610平方千米
　　首都
　　首都: 科伦坡
　　首都英文名称: Colombo
　　简况及历史
　　位于亚洲南部，是南亚次大陆南端印度洋上的岛国。
　　毛里求斯 卢比2500年前，由印度移至锡兰的德拉维之僧伽罗人建立了辛哈勒王朝。15世纪起先后被葡萄牙和荷兰统治。17世纪末成为英国殖民地。1948年2月获得独立，定国名为锡兰，成为英联邦的一个自治领。1972年5月22日改称斯里兰卡共和国。1978年8月16日改国名为斯里兰卡民主社会主义共和国，仍为英联邦成员国。
　　中文全称: 卢比
　　币值换算
　　1卢比=100分
　　币值: 1、2、5、10、25、50分和1、5卢比
　　国家介绍
　　国徽：
　　盾面左上角的木船象征历史上第一批到达这里的移民；左下角的钥匙象征该国战略地位的重要性；右下角的五角星表示毛被誉为印度洋的“一颗明星”，白色三角形则象征这个岛国的山峰；右上角的三根甘蔗和盾形外的两根甘蔗象征该国的经济特征。盾形左侧的“多多鸟”是毛里求斯特有的鸟，现已绝迹；右侧的鹿为该国稀有动物。绶带上用拉丁文写着“印度洋的明星和钥匙”。
　　国旗：
　　斯里兰卡 卢比红色象征为独立自由而斗争，蓝色表示毛里求斯位于蓝色的南印度洋，黄色象征独立的光芒照耀岛国，绿色表示国家的农业和四季常青。
　　辅币名称: 分 国家名称
　　国家名称: 毛里求斯共和国
　　国家中文简称: 毛里求斯
　　国家英文名称: The Republic of Mauritius
　　所属洲: 非洲
　　面积: 2040平方千米（包括属岛）
　　首都
　　首都: 路易港
　　首都英文名称: Port-Louis
　　简况及历史
　　印度洋西南部岛国。
　　尼泊尔 卢比原为荒岛，1598年开始为荷兰人统治，1715年被法国占领，1814年成为英国殖民地。此后，从美洲、非洲、印度移入大批奴隶、囚犯和自由民到此垦殖。1968年3月12日宣布独立，实行总督制，英国女王为其国家元首。1992年3月改行共和制。
[编辑本段]印度卢比和人民币的较量
　　最近几年，因为来自以美国为首的西方国家的经贸压力，人们的眼睛总盯着人民币对美元的比价。其实，印度和中国的货币，也就是卢比和人民币，正在进行着一场悄悄的较量。
　　在2007年的前九个月，卢比对美元升值了12.8%，对日元升值了12.3%，对强劲的欧元也升值了4.8%；同时，大量外国热钱涌入印度，外资已经投入了165亿美元购买印度的股票，比起去年涌入印度股市的80亿美元翻了一倍还多。而去年印度的经济增长率为9.4%，是18年来的最高。与此相对照，中国去年的经济增长率为11%，两位数的增长已经持续了四年，今年速度仍然有增无减。问题是，虽然中国经济增长率远超过印度，但今年前九个月，人民币对美元仅升值3.7%，对欧元则保持着累计贬值。很明显，同为崛起的大国，印度走着高币值的发展道路，中国则走着低币值的发展道路。
　　这种高币值的战略，在印度内部已经引起了争论。一些批评者指出，印度偏离了中国的发展模式是很危险的。低币值鼓励出口，能大量吸引外资在印度建立出口工业基地，使更多的人口(特别是贫困的人口)从经济发展中获益。中国制造业领先于印度、经济增长高于印度，都和低币值的战略密切相关。
　　但是，支持高币值的人则指出，卢比上扬帮助印度在高速发展中抑制了通货膨胀，保护了消费者的利益。同时，高币值逼着印度的企业在国际竞争中提升自己的品质，从长远来看会更有竞争力。比如印度的高科技公司Infosys最近赢利上涨了18%，但股票价值则不涨反跌，原因就是卢比升值太厉害，让投资者担心。这反映了印度的公司面临着相当高的横杆，必须想办法降低成本、提高产品的技术含量和附加值，才能在国际上竞争。
　　高币值和低币值的发展战略孰优孰劣，很难一概而论。不过，卢比的表现，说明印度虽然在发展速度上还追不上中国，但其经济已经跳过了一根中国经济尚没有跳过的横杆。众所周知，人民币升值一直是对中国制造业的威胁。有人甚至声称，人民币再升值几个百分点，中国的许多企业就会倒闭。中国强劲的出口，要靠低币值来保证。而印度则可以在九个月让卢比升值12%左右，经济动力却不减。这一点，中国能做到吗？
　　如今中国正在超越德国成为世界第三大经济体。在未来几年，中国经济的发展速度恐怕还会领先印度。但是，印度的经济增长也许在量上不及中国，在质上却优于中国。比如，印度对美国的出口，有70%是技术出口，这一点中国尚难以企及。印度已经出现了一系列世界一流企业，可以不依赖低币值而和发达国家的企业竞争。中国则还是依赖廉价劳动力，而这种劳动力的供应，在未来十几年将不断减少。从国际环境上看，印度的高币值维持着较好的贸易平衡，使之免为贸易保护主义的目标，未来面临的贸易壁垒也相对少一些。所以，印度卢比的高币值值得中国观察和思考。
　　卢比兑人民币 8：1