DEM发表评论(0)编辑词条
The Deutsche Mark (DEM, DM) or German mark was the official currency of West Germany and, from 1990 until the adoption of the euro, all of unified Germany. It was first issued under Allied occupation in 1948 replacing the Reichsmark, and served as the Federal Republic of Germany's official currency from its founding the following year until 1999, when the Mark was replaced by the euro; its coins and banknotes remained in circulation, defined in terms of euros, until the introduction of euro notes and coins in early 2002. The Deutsche Mark ceased to be legal tender immediately upon the introduction of the euro—in contrast to the other eurozone nations, where the euro and legacy currency circulated side by side for up to two months. However, DM coins and banknotes continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until 28 February 2002.
The Deutsche Bundesbank has guaranteed that all DM in cash form may be changed into euros indefinitely, and one may do so at any branch of the Bundesbank and banks worldwide. From time to time, some merchants hold promotions where Deutsche Marks are accepted as payment.
On 31 December 1998, the European Central Bank (ECB) fixed the irrevocable exchange rate, effective 1 January 1999, for DM to euro as DM 1.95583 = one euro.
One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100 Pfennig.
History
Before 1871
A Mark had been the currency of Germany since its original unification in 1871. Before that time, the different German states issued a variety of different currencies, though most were linked to the Vereinsthaler, a silver coin containing 16 2/3 grams of pure silver. Although the Mark was based on gold rather than silver, a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the Mark of 3 Mark = 1 Vereinsthaler was used for the conversion.
1873–1948
The first Mark, known as the Goldmark, was introduced in 1873. With the outbreak of the World War I, the Mark was taken off the gold standard. The currency thus became known as the Papiermark, especially as high inflation, then hyperinflation occurred and the currency became exclusively made up of paper money. The Papiermark was replaced by the Rentenmark in late 1923 and the Reichsmark (RM) in 1924.
Currency reform of June 1948
The Deutsche Mark was introduced on 21 June 1948 by the Western Allies (the USA, the United Kingdom and France). The old Reichsmark and Rentenmark were exchanged for the new currency at a rate of 1 DM = 1 RM for the essential currency such as wages, payment of rents etc, and 1 DM = 10 RM for the remainder in private non banks credit balance, with half frozen. Large amounts were exchanged for 10RM to 65 pfennigs. In addition, each person received a per capita allowance of 60 DM in two parts, the first being 40 DM and the second 20 DM.
The introduction of the new currency was intended to protect western Germany from a second wave of hyperinflation and to stop the rampant barter and black market trade (where American cigarettes acted as currency). Although the new currency was initially only distributed in the three western occupation zones outside Berlin, the move angered the Soviet authorities, who regarded it as a threat. The Soviets promptly cut off all road, rail and canal links between the three western zones and West Berlin – starting the Berlin Blockade. In response the United States distributed the new currency in West Berlin as well.
Currency reform in the Soviet occupation zone
In the Soviet occupation zone of Germany (later the German Democratic Republic), the East German Mark (also named "Deutsche Mark" from 1948-1964) was introduced a few days afterwards in the form of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes with adhesive stamps to stop the flooding in of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes from the West. In July 1948, a completely new series of East German Mark banknotes were issued.
Bank deutscher Länder and the Deutsche Bundesbank
Later in 1948, the Bank deutscher Länder assumed responsibility, followed in 1957 by the Deutsche Bundesbank. The DM earned a reputation as a strong store of value at times when other national currencies succumbed to periods of inflation. It became a source of national pride and an anchor for the country's economic prosperity, particularly during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder in the 1950s. In the 1990s, opinion polls showed a majority of Germans opposed to the adoption of the euro; polls today show a significant number would prefer to return to the Mark.
Currency Union with the Saarland
The population in the Saar Protectorate decided in a referendum to join the Federal Republic. Thus the incorporation of the Saar into the Federal Republic of Germany was stipulated by the latter and France, the Protector force, for January 1, 1957. The new German member state of the Saarland maintained its currency, the Saar Franc, which was in a currency union at par with the French Franc. On July 9, 1959 the Deutsche Mark replaced the Saar Franc at a ratio of 100 Francs = 0.8507 DM.
The DM's role in German reunification
The Deutsche Mark played an important role in the reunification of Germany. It was introduced as the official currency of East Germany in July 1990, replacing the East German Mark (Mark der DDR), in preparation for unification on 3 October 1990. East German marks were exchanged for DM at a rate of 1:1 for the first 4000 Marks and 2:1 for larger amounts. Before reunification, each citizen of East Germany coming to West Germany was given Begrüßungsgeld, greeting money, a per capita allowance of 100 DM in cash. The government of Germany, and the Bundesbank were in major disagreement over the exchange rate between the East German Mark and the DM.
Stability of the DM
The DM had a reputation as one of the world's most stable currencies; this was based on the monetary policy of the Bundesbank. The policy was "hard" in relation to the policies of certain other central banks in Europe. The "hard" and "soft" was in respect to the aims of inflation and political interference. This policy is the foundation of the European Central Bank's present policy towards the euro. The DM's stability was greatly apparent in 1993, when speculation on the French Franc and other European currencies caused a change in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.
Coins
The first DM coins were issued by the Bank deutscher Länder in 1948 and 1949. From 1950, the inscription Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany) appeared on the coins.
There were a considerable number of commemorative silver 5 and 10 DM coins, which actually had the status of legal tender but were rarely seen outside of collectors' circles.
Gold 1 DM coinOn 27 December 2000, the German government enacted a law authorizing the Bundesbank to issue, in 2001, a special .999 pure gold 1 DM coin commemorating the end of the DM. The coin had the exact design and dimensions of the circulating cupro-nickel 1 DM coin, with the exception of the inscription on the reverse, which read "Deutsche Bundesbank" (instead of "Bundesrepublik Deutschland"), as the Bundesbank was the issuing authority in this case. A total of one million gold DM coins were minted (200,000 at each of the five mints) and were sold beginning in mid-2001 through German coin dealers on behalf of the Bundesbank. The issue price varied by dealer but averaged approximately $165 in U.S. dollars.
German coins bear a mint mark, indicating where the coin was minted. D indicates Munich, F Stuttgart, G Karlsruhe and J Hamburg. Coins minted during WW2 include the mint marks A (Berlin) and B (Vienna). The mint mark A was also used for DM coins minted in Berlin beginning in 1990 following the reunification of Germany. These mint marks have been continued on the German Euro coins.
Between July 1, 1990 (Currency union with East Germany) and July 1, 1991 East German coins of denominations up to 50 pfennigs continued to circulate as Deutsche Mark coins at their face value, due to a temporary shortage of small coins. These coins were legal tender only in the territory of former East Germany.
Colloquial expression
In colloquial German the 10 Pfennig coin was sometimes called a Groschen (cf. groat). Likewise, Sechser (sixer) could refer to a coin of 5 Pfennig. Both colloquialisms refer to several pre-1871 currencies of the previously independent Länder (notably Prussia), where a Groschen was subdivided into 12 Pfennigs, hence half a Groschen into 6. After 1871, 12 Pfennigs of old currency would be converted into 10 Pfennig of the Mark, hence 10 Pfennig coins inherited the "Groschen" name and 5 Pfennig coins inherited the "Sechser" name. Both usages are only regional and may not be understood in areas where a Groschen coin did not exist pre-1871. Especially the usage of "Sechser" is less widely spread. In Northern Germany the 5 Mark coin used to be also called "Heiermann" (hired man).
Banknotes
There were four series of DM banknotes:
The first was issued in 1948 by the Allied military. There were denominations of ½, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 DM, with two designs of 20 and 50 DM notes.
The second series was introduced in 1948 by the Bank deutscher Länder, an institution of the western occupation government. The designs were similar to the US Dollar and French franc, as the job of designing and printing the different denominations was shared between the Bank of France and the American Bank Note Company. There were denominations of 5 and 10 Pfennig, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 DM.
The third series was introduced in 1960 by the Bundesbank, depicting neutral symbols, paintings by the German painter Albrecht Dürer, and buildings. There were 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 DM denominations.
The fourth was introduced in 1990 by the Bundesbank to counter advances in forgery technology. The notes depicted German artists and scientists together with symbols and tools of their trade. This series added a 200 DM denomination, to decrease the use of 100 DM banknotes, which made up 54% of all circulating banknotes, and to fill the gap between the 100 DM and 500 DM denomination. Nevertheless the 200 DM denomination was rather rare.
In the latter two series, the 5 DM denomination was rarely seen, as were the ones with a value greater than 100 DM.
Banknotes of the fourth series (1990–2002)
A 10 Deutsche Mark banknote from Germany 1993 showing Carl Friedrich GaußThe design of German banknotes remained unchanged during the 1960s, '70s and '80s. During this period, forgery technology made significant advances so, in the late 1980s, the Bundesbank decided to issue a new series of Deutsche Mark banknotes. The colours for each denomination remained unchanged from the previous series but the designs underwent significant changes and a 200 DM denomination was introduced. Famous national artists and scientists were chosen to be portrayed on the new banknotes. Male and female artists were chosen in equal numbers. The buildings in the background of the notes' obverses had a close relationship to the person displayed (e.g., place of birth, place of death, place of work), as well as the second background picture (Lyra and the musician Schumann). The reverses of the notes refer to the work of the person on the obverse.
The new security features were: a windowed security-thread (with the notes denomination in microprinting), watermark, micro-printing, intaglio-printing (viewing-angle dependent visibility as well as a braille representation of the notes denomination), colour-shifting ink (on the 500 and 1000 DM denominations), a see-through register and UV-visible security features.
First to be issued were the 100 and 200 DM denominations on 1 October 1990 (although the banknote shows "Frankfurt am Main, 2. Januar 1989"). The next denomination was 10 DM on 16 April 1991, followed by 50 DM in autumn the same year. Next was the 20 DM note on 20 March 1992 (printed on 2 August 1991). The reason for this gradual introduction was, that public should become familiar with one single denomination, before introducing a new one. The change was finished with the introduction of the 5, 500, and 1000 DM denominations on 27 October 1992. The last three denominations were rarely seen in circulation and were introduced in one step. With the advance of forgery technology, the Bundesbank decided to introduce additional security features on the most important denominations (50, 100, and 200 DM) as of 1996. These were a hologram foil in the center of the note's obverse, a matted printing on the note's right obverse, showing its denomination (like on the reverse of the new �5, �10, and �20 banknotes), and the EURion constellation on the note's reverse. Furthermore, the colors were changed a bit to pastel to hamper counterfeiting.
德国马克(DEM)
由德意志银行发行。1马克等于100芬尼（PFENNIG），目前，流通中的纸币有5、10、20、50、100、200、500和1000马克等面额，另有1、2、5马克及1、2、5、10、50芬尼的铸币。
【历史】
第二次世界大战后，德国仍使用原来流通的旧货币一帝国马克、列登马克和占领马克。由于境内通货膨胀日趋严重，1948年6月19日，美、英、法三国军事占领当局宣布，在其占领区实行币制改革，规定从6月20日起发行新货币“德意志马克”。新马克对美元汇率为1美元等于3．333马克。1949年9月19日，马克受英镑贬值影响也贬值20．6％，汇率变成1美元等于4．20马克。1953年1月30日，联邦德国中央银行初次规定马克含金量为0．211588克，官方汇率为1美元等于 4．20马克。战后，联邦德国经济增长很快，对外贸易迅速扩大，随着贸易顺差的增长，国际收支顺差不断扩大，外汇储备也日益增加。1959年1月1日，德意志银行决定马克实行自由兑换。1961年3月4日马克升值4．76％，含金量提高到 0．222168克，对美元官方汇率为1美元等于4．00马克。1969年9月29日，德意志银行不再干预市场以维持4马克兑换1美元的官方汇率，马克汇率自由浮动；同年10月26日，马克又升值9．3％，含金量也提高到0．242806克，官方汇率为 1 美元等于3．66马克。1971年5月10日，马克汇率再次自由浮动。同年12月20 日，马克升值为1美元等于3．2225美元，德意志银行不再公布马克含金量。1972 年4月24日，联邦德国宣布执行欧洲共同体成员国货币汇率上下波动幅度不超过 2．25％的规定。1973年2月14日，美元贬值后，马克对美元中心汇率定为1美元等于2．9003马克。同年3月19日起，联邦德国与其他西欧八国组成联合浮动集团，相互间货币汇率波动幅度订为2．25％，同时马克升值3％。1979年3月13日，欧洲货币体系正式建立，联邦德国为成员国，马克与其他成员国货币之间汇率波幅限制在上下2．25％，马克成为欧洲货币体系中的主要货币。70年代以来，由于联邦德国经济增长较快，马克的国际地位日益增强，成为主要国际储备货币之一，也是特别提款权五种定值货币之一。1990年10月3日，两德统一之后原西德马克为合法流通货币，并称为德国马克。2002年1月1日,欧元正式在欧洲使用，马克退出历史舞台。
与“DEM,德国马克”相关的词条
→如果您认为本词条还有待完善，请 编辑词条
词条内容仅供参考，如果您需要解决具体问题
（尤其在法律、医学等领域），建议您咨询相关领域专业人士。
0
同义词: 暂无同义词
关于本词条的评论 (共0条）发表评论>>
