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The franc (Dutch: frank, French: franc, German: Franken) was the currency of Belgium until 2002 when the euro was introduced into circulation. It was subdivided into 100 centiem (Dutch), centimes (French) or Centime (German).
History
The conquest of most of western Europe by revolutionary and Napoleonic France led to the French franc's wide circulation. In the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium), the franc replaced the kronenthaler. This was in turn replaced by the Dutch gulden when the Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed.
Following independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the new Kingdom of Belgium in 1832 adopted its own franc, equivalent to the French franc, followed by Luxembourg in 1848 and Switzerland in 1850. Newly-unified Italy adopted the lira on a similar basis in 1862.
In 1865 France, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy created the Latin Monetary Union (to be joined by Greece in 1868): each would possess a national currency unit (franc, lira, drachma) worth 4.5 g of silver or 290.322 mg of fine gold, all freely exchangeable at a rate of 1:1. In the 1870s the gold value was made the fixed standard, a situation which was to continue until 1914.
In 1926, Belgium, as well as France, experienced depreciation and an abrupt collapse of confidence, leading to the introduction of a new gold currency for international transactions, the belga worth 5 francs, and the country's withdrawal from the monetary union, which ceased to exist at the end of the year. The belga was tied to the British pound at a rate of 35 belgas (175 francs) = 1 pound and was thus put on a gold standard of 1 belga = 209.211 mg fine gold. The 1921 monetary union of Belgium and Luxembourg survived, however, forming the basis for full economic union in 1932. In 1935, the Belgian franc was devalued by 28% to 150.632 mg fine gold and the link between the Luxembourg and Belgian francs was revised to 1 Luxembourgish franc = 1¼ Belgian francs.
Following Belgium's occupation by Germany in May, 1940, the franc was fixed at a value of 0.1 Reichsmark, reduced to 0.08 Reichsmark in July, 1940. Following liberation in 1944, the franc entered into the Bretton Woods system, with an initial exchange rate of 43.77 francs = US dollar set on October 5. This was changed to 43.8275 in 1946 and then to 50 following the devaluation of the British pound in September 1949. The Belgian franc was devaluated again in 1982.
Like 10 other European currencies, the Belgian/Luxembourgish franc ceased to exist in January 1, 1999, when it became fixed at 1 EUR= 40.3399 BEF/LUF, thus a franc was worth � 0.024789. Old franc coins and notes lost their legal tender status in February 28, 2002.
Linguistics
Initially, the currency was monolingual in French. However, Dutch language coins were introduced from 1869. Some later coins featured inscriptions in both languages. When the two languages appeared on either side of the same face of a coin, two versions were still produced, one with Dutch to the left and French to the right, and one with the alternate arrangement. Banknotes became bilingual in the 1880s and, from 1992, banknotes were introduced which were trilingual, with either French or Dutch on the obverse and German and the remaining language on the reverse. Some commemorative coins were issued with German inscriptions but none for circulation.
Use of Luxembourgish francs in Belgium
Between 1944 and 2002, 1 Luxembourgish franc was equal to 1 Belgian franc. Both francs were legal tender in the two countries. Nevertheless, payment with Luxembourgish banknotes were commonly denied by shopkeepers in Belgium, either by ignorance or by fear that their other customers would refuse the banknotes (again, either by ignorance or fear of being denied payment with it later), forcing them to go through the hassle of a trip to their bank to redeem the value of the banknote.
Coins
Between 1832 and 1834, copper 1, 2, 5 and 10 centime, silver ¼, ½, 1, 2 and 5 franc, and gold 20 and 40 franc coins were introduced. Some of the early 1 and 2 centimes were struck over Dutch ½ and 1 cent coins. The 40 franc was not issued after 1841, whilst silver 2½ francs and gold 10 and 25 francs were issued between 1848 and 1850. Silver 20 centimes replaced the ¼ franc in 1852. In 1860, cupro-nickel 20 centimes were introduced, followed by cupro-nickel 5 and 10 centimes in 1861. The silver 5 franc was discontinued in 1876. Between 1901 and 1908, holed, cupro-nickel 5, 10 and 25 centime coins were introduced.
In 1914, production of the 1 centime and all silver and gold coins ceased. Zinc 5, 10 and 25 centimes were introduced in the German occupied zone, followed by holed, zinc 50 centimes in 1918. Production of 2 centimes ended in 1919. In 1922 and 1923, nickel 50 centime and 1 and 2 franc coins were introduced bearing the text "Good For" ("Bon pour" in French, "Goed Voor" in Dutch). Nickel-brass replaced cupro-nickel in the 5 and 10 centimes in 1930, followed by the 25 centime in 1938. Nickel 5 and 20 francs were introduced in 1930 and 1931, respectively, followed by silver 20 francs in 1933 and 50 francs in 1939.
As a consequence of the German occupation in 1940, the silver coinage was discontinued. In 1941, zinc replaced all other metals in the 5, 10 and 25 centimes, and 1 and 5 francs. In 1944 the Allies minted 25 million 2 franc coins at the Philadelphia Mint using leftover planchets for the 1943 steel cent. In 1948, cupro-nickel 5 francs and silver 50 and 100 francs were introduced, followed by silver 20 francs in 1949 and cupro-nickel 1 franc in 1950. Bronze 20 and 50 centimes followed in 1953 and 1952, respectively. The silver coinage ceased in 1955.
Cupro-nickel 25 centime coins replaced the 20 centime in 1964. Nickel 10 francs were introduced in 1969 (only struck until 1979), followed by bronze 20 francs in 1980 and nickel 50 francs in 1987. Aluminium-bronze replaced cupro-nickel in the 5 franc in 1986, whilst nickel-plated iron replaced cupro-nickel in the 1 franc in 1989.
Banknotes
10,000 Belgian francs of 1929.Between 1835 and 1841, notes were issued by the Société de Commerce de Bruxelles, the Banque Legrelle, the Société Génerale pour Favoriser l'Industrie Nationale, the Banque de Belgique, the Banque de Flandre and the Banque Liègeoise et Caisse d'Épargnes in denominations which included 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 francs.
In 1851, the National Bank of Belgium began issuing paper money, in denominations of 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs. 1, 2 and 5 franc notes were introduced in 1914. The Société Génerale de Belgique issued paper money in the German occupied areas between 1915 and 1918 in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 20, 100 and 1000 francs.
The treasury took over production of 5 and 20 franc notes in 1926. In 1927, notes were introduced by the National Bank with denominations given in both francs and belgas. These were 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 10,000 francs (10, 20, 100, 200 and 2000 belgas).
In 1944, following liberation, new banknotes were introduced (dated 1943 and printed in the U.K.) in denominations of 5, 10, 100, 500 and 1000 francs (1, 2, 20, 100 and 200 belgas). These were the last notes to bear denominations in belgas. Treasury notes for 50 francs were introduced in 1948, followed by 20 francs in 1950, whilst the National Bank continued to issue 100, 500 and 1000 francs. 5000 franc banknotes were introduced in 1971, with the 20 and 50 franc treasury notes replaced by coins in 1980 and 1987, respectively. 10,000 franc banknotes were introduced in 1992, the same year that production of the 5000 franc note ceased. 2000 franc notes were introduced in 1994.
Unlike coins, banknotes removed from circulation in 2002 may be exchanged into euros for an indefinite period of time.
比利时货币简史
比利时的货币单位是比利时法郎，当地中国人惯称“比郎”。比利时法郎由比利时国家银行发行。
19世纪前期，在比利时钞票的使用还不普遍。1835年比利时银行成立，负责发行钞票。但在当时的流通中，人们主要还是使用硬币，发行钞票的银行也不只比利时银行一家。1850年5月5日，比利时国工批准成立比利时国家银行，负责管理国家金融。比利时国家银行在1851年首次发行面额为1000、 500、100、50和20比利时法郎的钞票，代替比利时银行在这之前发行的钞票。此后，金币逐渐退出流通，纸币使用越来越广泛。1914年，银行以纸币代替银币。1918年11月20日，比利时国家银行成为比利时唯一发行钞票的银行，行使中央银行职责。
1946年12月18日，比利时法郎的含金量初次规定为0.0202765克，对美元的官方汇率为1美元兑43.8275法郎。1949年9月21日，比利时法郎对黄金贬值12.34％，含金量降为0.0177734克，对美元的官方汇率调到1美元兑50比利时法郎。自1951年起，比利时实行双重汇率制，实行贸易法郎和金融法郎两种兑换制，官方外汇市场与自由外汇市场同时存在。
1960年11月1日，比利时、荷兰、卢森堡三国签订的比荷卢经济联盟条约开始生效，三国货币汇率波幅限制在上下1.5％。1973年3月19日，比利时与法国、荷兰、卢森堡、丹麦、爱尔兰、原联邦德国、挪威和瑞典等9个国家组成汇率联合浮动集团，规定彼此间汇率波动幅度不得超过2.25％。1976年3月12日，比、荷、卢三国货币汇率波幅限制由原来的1.5％改为2.25％。1976年10月18日，比利时法郎与卢森堡法郎一起对黄金贬值1.96％，官方汇率调到1美元兑41.14比利时法郎，1978年10月16日，比、卢法郎再次对黄金贬值2％，官方汇率调到1美元兑41.945比利时法郎。1979年3 月13日，欧洲货币体系正式建立，比利时为成员国，其货币与欧洲货币体系其它成员国货币之间汇率的波幅限制在上下2.25％，对英镑和西班牙比塞塔波幅为上下6％。 1990年3月5日比利时废除双重汇率制。对中央银行发行货币和债券要求有最少33.3％的黄金储备。
比利时法郎：1832年6月5日由比利时国王利奥波德一世宣布成为官方流通货币，以法国法郎体系为蓝本。1944年，比利时法郎可以直接与英国的英镑兑换，1946年又有了与美国美元的直接兑换率。1979年，比利时法郎加入欧洲货币体系。
比利时法郎币值与换算
比利时法郎是十进制的
纸币的面值有100、200、500、1000、2000、5000和10000法郎。
铸币的面值有：25、50分、1、5、10、20、50及500法郎的铸币。
1比利时法郎等于100生丁（Cenlimes）
1欧元=40.3399比利时法郎
比利时法郎退出历史舞台
比利时法郎流通期限
停止流通期限：2002．02．28；商业银行停止收兑期限：2002．12．31；中央银行停止收兑期限：纸币无限期，辅币2004.12.31
比利时法郎的尺寸和图案
尺寸：16.0×7.6厘米 正面图案： 吉多·赫泽勒先生的头像 反面图案 1000比利时法朗
尺寸：15.4×7.6厘米 正面图案： 安德烈·格雷特里先生的头像 反面图案 500比利时法朗
尺寸：14.8×7.6厘米 正面图案： 康斯坦丁·默尼耶先生头像 反面图案 比利时货币简史
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