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Rothschild Family

a leading part in managing and financing the subsidies that the British government transferred to its allies during the Napoleonic Wars. Through the creation of a network of agents, couriers and shippers, the bank was able to provide funds to the armies of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain. In 1818 the Rothschild bank arranged a £5 million loan to the Prussian government and the issuing of bonds for government loans. The providing of other innovative and complex financing for government projects formed a mainstay of the bank's business for the better part of the century. N M Rothschild & Sons financial strength in the City of London became such that by 1825-6 , the bank was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a liquidity crisis.
Nathan Mayer's eldest son, Lionel de Rothschild (1808-1879) succeeded him as head of the London branch. Under Lionel the bank financed the British government's 1875 purchase of a controlling interest in the Suez Canal. Lionel also began to invest in railways as his uncle James had been doing in France. In 1869, Lionel's son, Alfred de Rothschild (1842-1918), became a director of the Bank of England, a post he held for 20 years. Alfred was one of those who represented the British Government at the 1892 International Monetary Conference in Brussels.
The Rothschild bank funded Cecil Rhodes in the development of the British South Africa Company and Leopold de Rothschild (1845-1917) administered Rhodes's estate after his death in 1902 and helped to set up the Rhodes Scholarship scheme at Oxford University. In 1873 de Rothschild Frères in France and N M Rothschild & Sons of London joined with other investors to acquire the Spanish government's money-losing Rio Tinto copper mines. The new owners restructured the company and turned it into a profitable business. By 1905, the Rothschild interest in Rio Tinto amounted to more than 30 percent. In 1887, the French and English Rothschild banking houses loaned money to, and invested in, the De Beers diamond mines in South Africa, becoming its largest shareholders.
The London banking house continued under the management of Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (1882-1942) and his brother Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887-1961) and then to Sir Evelyn de Rothschild (b.1931). In 2003, following Sir Evelyn's retirement as head of N M Rothschild & Sons of London, the English and French financial firms merged under the leadership of David René de Rothschild.

By the end of the 19th century, the introduction of national taxation systems had ended the Rothschild's policy of operating with a single set of commercial account records resulting in the various houses gradually going their own separate ways. The coherence that had worked so well for the five brothers and their successor sons had all but disappeared by World War I. In Britain, the introduction of estate taxes resulted in Rothschild inheritors handing over multi-millions to the government that brought an end to the passing down of their great mansions. However, the estate tax relative to the bank and corporate assets was far more detrimental long-term because it restricted growth at a time when publicly owned banks were expanding rapidly with huge resources raised on capital markets.
The decline of the French and British Empires particularly after World War I along with increased nationalization by governments restricted growth potential for the Rothschilds. However, business analysts generally agree that their failure to shift their focus to opportunities in the United States, where the greatest industrial expansion at that time was occurring, is a major factor in the Rothschild bankers of today being only a minor player in the global economy.

Beyond banking and finance, members of the Rothschild family in England became academics, scientists and horticulturalists with worldwide reputations.
Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812-1870) was born in London, the fourth child of the founder of the British branch of the family. In 1842, he married cousin Charlotte de Rothschild (1825-1899) of Paris, France. She was the daughter of James Mayer de Rothschild and in 1850 they moved to Paris where he was to work for his father-in-law's bank. However, in 1853 Nathaniel acquired Château Brane Mouton, a vineyard in Pauillac in the Gironde département of France. Nathaniel Rothschild renamed the estate, Château Mouton Rothschild and it would become one of the best known wine labels in the world.

In 1822, the five Rothschild brothers at the head of the family's banks in various parts of Europe were each granted the title of baron or Freiherr by Austria's Francis I, formerly Francis II the last Holy Roman Emperor. As such, some members of the family used "de" or "von" Rothschild to acknowledge the grant of nobility. Only Nathan Mayer of the English branch never bothered with the title, taking pride in being simply "Mr. Rothschild."
In 1847, Anthony Nathan de Rothschild (1810-1876) was created 1st Baronet de Rothschild, of Tring Park. On his death, the title went to his nephew Nathan Mayer Rothschild II who was subsequently elevated to the House of Lords and created Baron Rothschild in 1885 with which title the baronetcy remains merged.
In 1850 Lionel de Rothschild (1808-1879) became the first practicing Jewish member of the British Parliament.

The English Rothschilds and members of the other branches in Europe were all major contributors to causes in aid of the Jewish people. However, many of their philanthropic efforts extended far beyond Jewish ethnic or religious communities. They built hospitals and shelters for the needy, supported cultural institutions and were patrons of individual artists. Their donation of works of art to various galleries has been the largest of any family in history. At present, a research project is underway by The Rothschild Archive in London to document the family's philanthropic involvements.

All branches of the Rothschild banking family are famous for their art collections and a number for their palatial estates. Among the Rothschild properties in England were:
• Ascott House - Ascott, Buckinghamshire
• Aston Clinton House - Aston Clinton
• Ashton Wold - Northamptonshire
• Bentley Priory - Middlesex
• Exbury Estate - Hampshire
• Eythrope - Waddesdon
• Gunnersbury Park - Ealing
• Halton House - Halton, Buckinghamshire
• Mentmore Towers - Mentmore
• Tring Park - Tring, Hertfordshire
• Waddesdon Manor - Waddesdon

罗斯柴尔德家族(Rothschild family)
罗斯柴尔德家族简介
　　罗斯柴尔德家族是欧洲乃至世界久负盛名的金融家族。它发迹于19世纪初，其创始人是梅耶•A•鲍尔（Mayer Amschel Bauer）。他和他的5个儿子即“罗氏五虎”先后在法兰克福、伦敦、巴黎、维也纳、那不勒斯等欧洲著名城市开设银行。建立了当时世界上最大的金融王国。鼎盛时期，他们翻云覆雨的力量使欧洲的王公贵族也甘拜下风。时至今日，世界的主要黄金市场也是由他们所控制。其第四代居伊•罗斯柴尔德，是世界著名的银行家，他的经历与家族的命运一起跌宕起伏。
梅耶•罗斯柴尔德原名迈尔•阿姆谢尔•鲍尔（Mayer Amschel Bauer），后将姓改为罗特席尔德
罗斯柴尔德家族史大事件
　　1780s：梅耶•罗斯柴尔德（amschel mayer rothschild ）成为威廉王子的金融代理人，奠定了家族财产的基础。
　　1800s：梅耶•罗斯柴尔德的儿子们凭着出色的金融敏锐性，在欧洲范围内成功建立了金融机构，期间罗斯柴尔德的资金帮助打败了法国皇帝拿破仑。
　　1820s：拿破仑战争结束后，作为许多欧洲政府的债权人，罗斯柴尔德的权力不断扩大。
　　1850s：罗斯柴尔德的第三代继续管理着家族财富，同时也成为矿业上的一个巨头。
　　1940s：维也纳公司被纳粹党人所接管。然而，这个家族还是保留了大部分财产和权力。
　　1980s：由于法国的社会主义政府国有化了它们的巴黎公司并进行了重新命名，这个家族遭受了一个很大的衰退。但是大卫•罗斯柴尔德决定以三名员工，一百万美元在法国东山再起。
罗斯柴尔德金融帝国
　　十九世纪，欧洲有六大强国！分别是大英帝国、普鲁士（后来的德意志）、奥匈帝国、法兰西，俄国……还有……罗斯柴尔德家族！而罗斯柴尔德家族还有一个显赫的外号，就是“第六帝国’。
　　只要你们兄弟凝聚在一起，世界上没有任何一家银行能够与你们竞争、伤害你们，或是从你们身上渔利。你们合在一起将拥有比世界上任何一家银行都要大的威力。
　　——戴维森给内森的信，1814年6月24日
　　老罗斯柴尔德在1812年去世之前，立下了森严的遗嘱：
　　（1）所有的家族银行中的要职必须由家族内部人员担任，绝不用外人。只有男性家族人员能够参与家族商业活动。
　　（2）家族通婚只能在表亲之间进行，防止财富稀释和外流。（这一规定在前期被严格执行，后来放宽到可以与其他犹太银行家族通婚。）
　　（3）绝对不准对外公布财产情况。
　　（4）在财产继承上，绝对不准律师介入。
　　（5）每家的长子作为各家首领，只有家族一致同意，才能另选次子接班。
　　任何违反遗嘱的人，将失去一切财产继承权。
　　中国有句俗话，兄弟同心，其利断金。罗斯柴尔德家族通过家族内部通婚严格防止财富稀释和外流。在100多年里，家族内部通婚18次，其中16次是在第一表亲（堂兄妹）之间。
　　严密的家族控制，完全不透明的黑箱操作，像钟表一般精确的协调，永远早于市场的信息获取，彻头彻尾的冷酷理智，永无止境的金权欲望，以及基于这一切的对金钱和财富的深刻洞察和天才的预见力，使得罗斯柴尔德家族在两百多年金融、政治和战争的残酷旋涡中所向披靡，建立了一个迄今为止人类历史上最为庞大的金融帝国。 　据估计，1850年左右，罗斯柴尔德家族总共积累了相当于60亿美元的财富。如果罗斯柴尔德家族后来没有衰落的话,以6％的回报率计算，在150多年后的今天，他们家族的资产至少超过了50万亿美元。到20世纪初，罗斯柴尔德家族所控制的财富估计达到了当时世界总财富的一半。
　　罗斯柴尔德家族银行遍及欧洲主要城市，他们拥有自己的情报收集和快速传递系统，甚至欧洲国家的王室和贵族在需要迅速和秘密地传递各种信息时，都是通过他们的系统进行。他们还首创了国际金融清算系统，利用其对世界黄金市场的控制，他们在家族银行体系中首先建立起不用实物黄金运输的账目清算系统。
　　在这个世界上，只怕没有其他人比罗斯柴尔德家族更能深刻理解黄金的真正意义。当2004年罗斯柴尔德家族宣布退出伦敦黄金定价系统时，他们正在悄悄地远离未来世界空前的金融风暴的中心，撇清他们与黄金价格之间的关系。负债累累的美元经济和危机四伏的世界法定货币体系，以及世界外汇储备体系很有可能将面临一场清算，只拥有微不足道的黄金储备的亚洲国家积累多年的财富，将被“重新分配”给未来的赢家。对冲基金将再次发动攻击，只不过这一次的对象将不再是英镑和亚洲货币，而是世界经济的支柱—美元。
　　对于银行家而言，战争是天大的喜讯。因为和平时期缓慢折旧的各种昂贵设施和物品，会在战争中顷刻之间灰飞烟灭，交战各方会不惜一切代价去取得胜利，到战争结束时，政府无论输赢都将深深地陷入银行的债务陷阱之中。在英格兰银行成立到拿破仑战争结束的121年时间里（1694~1815），英国有56年处于战争之中，剩下的一半时间在准备下一场战争。策动和资助战争符合银行家的根本利益，罗斯柴尔德家族也不例外，从法国大革命到第二次世界大战的几乎所有近代战争的背后，几乎都闪动着他们的影子。罗斯柴尔德家族是当今主要西方发达国家最大的债权人。老罗斯柴尔德的夫人（Gutle Schnaper）在去世之前说道：“如果我的儿子们不希望发生战争，那就不会有人热爱战争了。”
到19世纪中叶，英、法、德、奥、意等欧洲主要工业国的货币发行大权均落入了罗斯柴尔德家族的控制之中，“神圣的君权被神圣的金权所取代”。此时，大西洋彼岸美丽繁荣富庶的美利坚大陆早已落入了他们的视野。
罗斯柴尔德家族的衰落
　　古人云富不过三代,罗斯柴尔德家族虽富过了三代.却也难逃衰落的命运.
　　如今罗斯柴尔德银行集团的业务主要是并购重组，就是帮助大企业收购兼并其他的企业，或者对其资产结构进行重组。罗斯柴尔德的并购重组业务主要在欧洲，在2006年世界并购排行榜上可以排到第13位。
　　目前，罗斯柴尔德在亚洲有一个办公室——香港，不过，这个办公室的正式名字叫做“荷兰银行-罗斯柴尔德”，因为它在亚洲的业务处于荷兰银行的控股之下，自己的发言权不大。甚至某些人事权，都是由荷兰银行主管的。
　　罗斯柴尔德家族目前的规模很小,罗斯柴尔德银行集团一年的营业额不到100亿美元，利润不到30亿美元，估计其资本总额不会超过300亿美元，不到欧美大银行的一个零头。
　　衰落的原因,首先，这是因为罗斯柴尔德家族在1865年出现战略判断失误，认为美国经济不会大幅度发展，于是把它在美国的分行都撤销了。这是一个致命失误，直接导致了摩根家族的兴起。
　　其次，罗斯柴尔德家族在一战和二战中损失惨重。它的许多位于德国、法国和意大利的资产被摧毁了，其中位于法国的办公室甚至于二战结束后被国有化了。作为犹太人家族，罗斯柴尔德在纳粹统治下受到的打击是惨重的，虽然英国总部基本没有损失，但欧洲大陆的家族势力基本被消灭了。冷战期间，罗斯柴尔德家族在东欧的许多资产又被苏联接管了，结果可想而知，这些资产是不会退回来的。
　　第三，罗斯柴尔德坚持家族产业，也阻碍了它的继续发展。从1960年代开始，欧美的大银行纷纷上市，筹集了大量资金。罗斯柴尔德则还是用自有资金发展，速度缓慢，逐渐落伍了。
　　罗斯柴尔德家族兴盛的历史，早已在19世纪末结束了，今天的罗斯柴尔德只是一家在全球排名十几到二十名的投资银行，规模不大，也没有什么过大的呼风唤雨的能力.不过作为老牌金融巨头其影响力依然不可小视。